Bes
eas
on
THE
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
Pinitzah SOCIERY
OF
ag
New SOUTH WALES
FOR THE YEAR
1922 Vol. XLVIL.
WITH FIFTY-EIGHT PLATES.
and 268 Text-figures.
SYpNBY: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED FOR THE SOCIETY BY THE SYDNEY AND MELBOURNE PUBLISHING CO., LTD.
29 Alberta Street, Sydney. AND SOLD BY THE SOCIETY.
1922-1923.
CONMENUSHOR EKOCESDINGS, 1OZZ
PART I. (No. 185.)
(Issued 21st April, 1922.)
Pages. Presidential Address, delivered at the Forty-seventh Annual Meeting,
29th March, 1922, by G. A. ray ee B.Se., B.E., F.E.S.
(Plates 1.111.) . ooMno Golda) Gay Od toe: cis eb CEOGE A Aine 1.-XVIl. Elections and Acrawwmagennats Boi ere. <6 Be cGre ceed aibtiee: Gh RRO Ua enn er anne rence xvii. Isa, Wigs bee SES soca 56 G6 oo G60 bo G0 6o 60 bo oo 2Amioe
PART II. (No. 186.) (Issued 16th June, 1922.) The Loranthaceae of Austraha. Parti. By W. F. Blakely .. .. 1-25
A Monograph of the Freshwater Entomostraca of New South Wales!
Part i. Cladocera. By Marguerite Henry, B.Se., Linnean Macleay Fellow
of the Society in Zoology. (Plates iv.-vii.; four Text-figures.) .. 26-52 Notes on Nematodes of the genus Physaloptera, with special reference to
those parasitic in Reptiles. Part ii. A review of the Physaloptera
of Lizards. By Vera Irwin-Smith, B.Sc. F.L.S., Linnean ee
Fellow of the Society in Zoology. (One Text- face! ina 60 po Gny BER A New Genus of Australian Cixiidae. By F. Mui... .. 63-64 Australian Coleoptera: Notes and new species. By H. J. Omens BAS
F.E.S. (Fourteen Text-figures.) . 65-82
New Gyrodactyloid Trematodes from Mectralran chest Mepetie an | a reclassification of the Superfamily Gyrodactyloidea. By T. Harvey Johnston, M.A., D.Se., and O. W. Tiegs, M.Se. (Plates ix.-xxii.; one
Text-figure.) .. ... Sa nd lho. 00 aoe Bayon ene A Second Bird Census. iy i, ‘B. ‘Cleland, MD. Me isa 5 5086 132-141 Descriptions and Biology of some North iene ition Mermites: By G.- F
Hill. (Plates xxiii.-xxy.; forty-one Text-figures.) . 59 40 oo JER EIGW
The pean and Peimomncyalny of the Giaausiannieaieason District. : y G. D. Osborne, B.Sc. (Plate xxvi.; six Text-figures.) .. .. 161-198
iv. CONTENTS. PART III. (No. 187.)
(Issued 15th September, 1922
The Loranthaceae of Australia. Part ii. ay W. F. peta (Plates XXVii.-XxXxlil.) .
Description of new | iets Selanidaae ene a ie otal on ane Blattid Coxa. By A. Eland ake M.R.C.S., F.E.S. (Seven Text- WIATRES)) Beco o Poenen oer Gre Oa boa GON DS
Notes on Nematodes of the etn) Prisuioniens Part ii. The Physalop- tera of Australian Lizards. By Vera Irwin-Smith, B.Se., F.L.S. Linnean Macleay Fellow of the Society in Zoology. (Thirty-eight Text-figures) . 3 lene eRe ed, ie: era ene ee eee
Notes on ieesantbera iiabanidael Part ii. By Eustace W. Ferguson, M.B., Ch.M., and G. F. Hill, F.E.S. (Ten Text-figures) .
A remarkable new Gall-thrips from Australia. By H. H. Kea Ph. D. (Communicated by W. W. Froggatt, F.L.S.). (Six Text-figures) .
A new Australian Termite. By G. F. Hill, F.E.S. (Four Text-figures)
A new Gasteropod (fam. Euomphalidae) from the Lower Marine Series of New South Wales. By John Mitchell. (Plate xxxv.) .. .
Some new Permian Insects from Belmont, N.S.W., in the Collection of Mr. John Mitchell. By R. J. Tillyard, M.A., D. ae F.LS., F.E.S. (Plates XXXili.-xxxiv.; six Text-figures) .. .. A 6
Studies in Symbiosis. By John McLuckie, M.A., D. Sal
i. 'Lhe’ Mycorhiza of aan punctatum R.Br. (Twenty-six Text-figures) . :
uu. The eeeeotronich Rents of ideracemnn peach oad “ohate physiological significance. (Fourteen Text-figures).
A new Nematode Parasite of a Lizard. By Vera Irwin-Smith, B. Ses F.L.S., Linnean caer! Fellow of the oe in Zoology. (Seven- (ean Wainy Ee ORO) foo
On Astacocroton, a new eae of ase, By, W. i Haswell, ee D.Se., F.R.S. (Plates xxxvi.-xxxvii.) ae
Description of a new Phasma belonging to rel genus Siearatesoral ‘By W. W. Froggatt, F.L.S. (Plate. XXXViil.) .
A new Species of Mordellistena (Coleoptera, Mordellidae) Demet on Termites. By G. F. Hill, F.E.S. (Iwo Text-figures) .
Revision of Australian Lepidoptera : Saturniadae, Boalietiiog, Euptero- tidae, Notodontidae. By A. Jefferis Turner, M.D., F.E.S.
PART IV. (No. 188.) (Issued 15th December, 1922.
The Loranthaceae of Australia. Part ii. By W. F. Blakely. (Plates XXXix.-xlvii.) . suas SP eoNat YO) sciojatice leleeurccos 5
Notes of Nemarodes! of the genus 3 Felbvetoratcaa, ieart iv. The Physalop- tera of Australian Lizards (contd.). By Vera Irwin-Smith, B.Se., F.L.S., Linnean Macleay Fellow of the Society in Zoology. (Thirty- eight Dext=figures:))|i 715 ctor pacihec rere neckeurte, ee rte eS ceeMisiserony ates
Pages.
199-222
223-231
232-244 245-265
266-274 275-277
278
279-292
293-310
319-328
311-318 329-343 344-345 346-347
348-390
391-414
415-427
CONTENTS. : y.
Pages. The Occurrence of Oil Glands in the Barks of Certain a By
M. B. Welch, B.Se., A.I.C. (Plates xlviii.-xlix.) .. 428-438 Some Australian Moths from Lord Howe Island. 25 he J. Tomer,
NED INIDYSL Ga ooo at ie iepeniee ra (400-440 Chemical Notes—General. By 7. ‘Sicak (Plate L) site 441-446 Mesozoic Insects of Queensland. Part ix. By R. J. Tillyard, M.A,
Se.D. (Cantab.), D.Se., (Sydney), C.M.Z.S., F.LS., F.E.S.
(Plates li.-lii., and eighteen Text-figures.) .. . .. .. 447-470 On Australian Anthicidae (Coleoptera). By A. M. They FE. s. .. .. 471-512 A Note on Protein Precipitation in Grasses. By eo H. O’Dwyer,
1 BS Coe ea Bye esa 513-515
Further Report on ihe INEEGtine Value of Gavnka Aerie ‘Cine. IBhy Wikiesereds le Oda, IBIS 66 66 G5 65 of 66 6000 04 36 516-518 The Geology and Petrography of the Clarencetown-Paterson miseries
Part ii. By G. D. Osborne, B.Se. (Four Text-figures.) .. .. .. 519-534 Descriptions of two new Trilobites and Note on Griffithides convexicau-
datus Mitchell. By John Mitchell. (Plate liv.) . 2 sb ae-540 The Phylogenetic Significance of the ee Autantomlacenta: By
Professor T. T. Flynn, D.Se. ..-.. . 541-544 The Effect of Suspended Respiration on the ‘Composition oe ‘Alveciar
Air. By H. 8. Halero Wardlaw, D.Se. .... . 545-550
A Monograph of the Freshwater Entomostraca of Naw eonth iwalest
Part i. Copepoda. By Marguerite Henry, B.Sc., Linnean Macleay
Fellow of the Society in Zoology. (Plates Tipit) 56 Saas ao 7 Males) A Contribution to the Parasitism of Notothixos incanus (Oliv.) var.
subaureus. By J. Meluckie, M.A., D.Se. (Eleven Text-figures.) . 571-580 New or little-known Species of Australian Tipulidae (Diptera). By
C. P. Alexander, Ph.D. (Communicated by Dr. E. W. Ferguson.) 581-590
PART V. (No. 189.)
(Issued 15th February, 1923.)
INSHeE OF IPROEEREIES oo Go 00 06 00 de bo 60 do ab Ohad oo 0 oo *Stldogh Domne GraGl IPERS o5 Go 56 56 60 vo ao 50 Gece a5 96 96 on 2oodileodhy IDR. Git INIGAEES oo nog! oa 6s oc ac oe Go oo wumens ed odlon fo oo, edhubadibg A]iryel GX Mee yer y emma cseeters GreusheereN ral Wecletikeres ereuange eta!) 75)", sia unl oa aten es kevopsha okey ]i.-}xxi.
V1.
CONTENTS.
LIST OF NEW SUPERFAMILY, FAMILY, SUBFAMILY, GENERIC AND SUBGENERIC NAMES PROPOSED IN THIS VOLUME (1922).
Page.
Acleotrema (Lepidotreminae) ... 110 Anchylodiscus (Tetraonchinae) .. 93 Apheloscyta (Scytinopteridae) ... 458 Astacocroton (Acaridae) .. .. ... 330
Bathymeria (Cixiidae) .. .. . 63 Cathariotrema (2? Calceostominae) . 122 Daitreosoma (Tetraonchinae) .. . 98 Dionchinae (Calceostomidae) .. .. 122 Dionchotrema (Dionchinae) .. .. 123
Diplectanotrema (Aneyrocephalus) 96 Empleurodiscus (Lepidotreminae) . 109 Empleurosoma (Tetraonchinae) .. 100 Empruthotrema (Merizocotylinae) 114 Eucistela (Cistelidae) .. .. .. . 179 Flabellodiscus (Lepidotrema) .. . 105 Gastridiota (Bombycidae) .. .. .. 359 Gyrodactyloidea (Trematoda
Heterocotylea) .. .. Maitre 250 Halotrema (‘Tetraonchinae) so oo §=6 Ipsviciopsis (Ipsviciidae) .. .. .. 464 Lamellodiscus .(Lepidotreminae) . 112 Lepidotes (Lepidotreminae) .. .. 107
Lepidotrema (Lepidotreminae) .. 102 Lepidotreminae (Gyrodactylidae) . 101
Mallodeta (Bombyeidae) .. . 359 Merizocotylinae (Gyrodactylidae) 114 Mesociziodes (Cixiidae) . 462
Parabelmontia (Parabelmontiidae) 285
Page Page Page
Page Page
Page Page Page
Page. Parabelmontiidae (Paramecoptera) 284 Paragymnastes (Tipulidae) .. .. . 583 Permithone (Permithonidae) .. .. 289 Permithonidae (Planipennia) .. . 289 Pincombea (Pincombeidae) .. ... 282 Pincombeidae (Sternorrhyncha) . 282 Polycytella (Seytinopteridae) .. . 460 Protogyrodactylidae (Gyrodactyloidea) 87
Protogyrodactylus (Protogyrodactylidae) 87
Protomicrocotyle (Protomicrocétylinae)
125 Protomicrocotylinae (Gyrodactyloidea)
125 Sthenadelpha (Cnethocampinae) . 370 Tanystola (Cnethocampinae) .. 370
Thaumatothrips (Kladothripinae) 267 Triassagrion (Triassagrionidae) . 455 Triassagrionidae (Anisozygoptera) 454 Triassocoridae (Cryptocerata) .. . 466
Triassocoris (Triassocoridae) .. . 466 Triassolocusta (Locustopsidae) .. . 451 Triassomantidae (Orthoptera) .. 449 Triassomantis (Triassomantidae) . 450
Triassophlebia (Mesophlepiidae) . 454 Triassopsychops (Psychopsidae) .. 467 Trivitellina (Protogyrodactylidae) 89
CORRIGENDA.
xi, line 7, for forewing, read hindwing. 429, lines alae for FE. Gullicki Baker, read E. Gullicki Baker and Smith.
431, line 2, for ero read to.
line 5, for 2 mm., read 0.3 mm.
line 6, for averaged 0.015 mm., read measured 0.06 mm.
433, 3rd line from bottom, for Section, read Sections.
539, line 47 (5th from bottom).—The name Ptychoparia merrotski must lapse, being a synonym of P. alroiensis, under which name the speci- men has already been described by Etheridge (Trans. Roy. Soe. 8S.
Aust., xliii., 1919, 385). [Ed.]
452, line 14—for Archizygoptera, read Anisozygoptera: 454, line 11 from bottom—for Anisozygoptera, read Arehizygoptera. 469. Text-figure 89 is printed upside down.
CONTENTS. Vu.
LIST OF PLATES. PROCEEDINGS, 1922. ¢
1—Map showing the distribution of subspecies of Tisiphone. ii—Variations of Tisiphone abeona joanna.
ui—Fust, second, and third generation hybrids of Tisiphone. .iv.-vili— Cladocera from New South Wales.
ix.-xxiil.—Gyrodactyloid Trematodes from Australian Fishes. xxiil.-xxv.—Termitaria of North Australian Termites.
xxvi— Geological Map of Clarencetown-Paterson District. XXVil.-xxxll.— Loranthaceae of New South Wales. XXXill.-xxxiv.—Permian Insects from Belmont, N.S.W. xxxv.—Platyschisma allandalensis, n.sp.
XXXV1.-Xxxvil.—Astacocroton molle, n.g. et sp.
xxxvill—Hxtatosoma elongatum, n.sp.
xxxix.-xlvii—Loranthaceae of New South Wales. xlviii!-xlix.—Oil-glands in barks of Eucalyptus Macarthuri and E. Smithii. 1—Ferruginous stalagmites, and coatings on twigs, fruits and leaf. li.-lii.—Mesozoie Insects from Queensland.
liv.—Trilobites from N.S.W. and N.W. Queensland. ly.-lviii—Copepoda from New South Wales.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1922. PLATE I.
So. aN hie Te
Camden
a i f foe
a) \ ]
Soy } . 4 f
te . & Wy iy
ae, Map
PeeaT ON) te wt’ showing the distribution ae ro a A + ee of the subspecies of
Ttsiphone abeona.
cm
; oe eit
PLATE il.
N.S.W., 1922.
Soc.
Proc. Linn.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1922. PLATE iil.
Approximately four-fifths natural size.
THE LORANTHACEAE OF AUSTRALIA. Part 1. By W. F. Buaxety, First Botanical Assistant, National Herbarium, Sydney.
[Read 29th March, 1922.|
Introduction.
During the ordinary course of my work in the National Herbarium, I be- came aware of the fact that the genus Loranthus was badly in need of revision, so I set to work to straighten out what appeared to me to be the most com- posite species. After considerable investigation I found that nothing less than a thorough examination would prove satisfactory, consequently I decided to re- vise the Family as a whole.
I am deeply indebted to the Director, Mr. J. H. Maiden, for the encourage- ment and whole-hearted assistance he has given me throughout, particularly the unreserved use of the Herbarium, together with the free access to communications and reference to specimens and information from other herbaria, which enabled me to examine types and material much more satisfactorily than relying upon descriptions only. I take this opportunity to thank him for his generous assist- ance; also Professor Ewart of the Melbourne Herbarium; Professor Osborn of the University of Adelaide; Mr. C. T. White, Government Botanist, Queensland; Mr. J. M. Black, South Australia and Mr. Herbert Mann, of Western Australia, all of whom, at Mr. Maiden’s request on my behalf, very kindly placed the whole of their material at my service. I wish also to extend my appreciation to Mr. O. Staf, of Kew, and to the official artist, Miss M. Smith, for portion of the types, and drawings of rare specimens. To Professor Le Comte, Professor of Botany, Museum D’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, I am very grateful for informa- tion relating to Van Tieghem’s, Lehmann’s, and Miquel’s species.
To Mr. George Weir, Forest Pathologist-in-Charge, Bureau of Plant In- dustry, U.S. Department of Agriculture, my sincere thanks are due for a copy of Martius ‘Flora Braziliensis,” dealing with CEichler’s classification of the Loranthaceae of Brazil; also to Major C. C. Calder, of the Caleutta Herbarium, for the loan and gift of several specimens of the Loranthaceag of Ceylon, and to Dr. B. L. Robinson, Curator, Gray Herbarium, United States, for a sketch of L. Cunninghami A. Gray (Ll. congener Sieber).
I also wish to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to Miss Margaret Floeckton, artist, National Herbarium; Mr. A. H. S. Lueas, Headmaster, Sydney Grammar School; Mr. E. Cheel; Mr. A. A. Hamilton; Mr. J. C. von Hagen; Messrs. D. W. C. and R. Shiress; Mr. H. Bott; and Mr. D. Gorman.
With the aid of the additional material from nearly all parts of the Com- monwealth I have been able to make a more complete examination of almost every species, which enabled me to describe more fully the imperfectly known species and to define their affinity.
2 THE LORANTHACEAE OF AUSTRALIA, 1.,
The classification adopted is that of Engler’s “Pflanzenfamilien,” which is closely followed with slight modifications. It is obvious from my investigations that Engler did not himself examine some of the Australian species. The genera affected by my review are Atkinsonia, which is superseded by Gavaden- dron; the species belonging to the versatile section of Loranthus, which are trans- ferred to Phrygilanthus; and two species of Visewm, which have been placed in Korthalsella. In the genus Loranthus, I propose to restore 5 old species, and shall offer: as new 13 species and a similar number of varieties. The additions will bring the total number of species to 40, with 20 varieties, an increase of 21 species and 17 varieties since the publication of the “Flora Australiensis” in 1866. They are distributed among the undermentioned sections as follows: Amyema, 25 sp., 12 vars.; Diplatia, 1 sp.; Trewbella, 4 sp.; Lysiana, 4+ sp., 6 vars.; Amylotheca, 1 sp.; Dendrophthoe, 4 sp., 2 vars.; Benthamina, 1 sp.
In depicting the various species, two characters impressed ‘me as being valuable aids to classification, namely, the inflorescence and the buds. Both are singularly constant, and form a ready means of discrimination. The venation of the leaves is also valuable for the same purpose, as the species with parallel venation in Loranthus, with one exception, belong to the section Amyema, as also. do nearly all the terete-leaved species, while those with penninerved leaves, with one exception, are absorbed in the closely allied sections.
I have also paid some attention to the embryonie cotyledons and _ their manner of growth, with a view to ascertaining whether certain characters were sufficiently constant for taxonomic purposes. | find that in the various sections of Loranthus there is, im some species, a corresponding similarity in the structure of the embryo and its mode of growth and differential development, which, taken in conjunction with other characters, is to some extent helpful in their separation and classification.
Other characters discussed are parasitism, adventitious roots, union or at- tachment, mimicry, dispersal and distribution, and agents of dissemination.
Al Brief Botanical History.
The first purely Australian member of the family Loranthaceae, Loranthus floribundus Labill. (Nuytsia floribunda R. Br.,) was deseribed by Labillardiére (Novae Hollandiae Plantarum, i., 1804, p. 87, fig. 113). Twenty-three years after, Sieber (Sprengel Cur. Poster, 1827, p. 139) deseribed Loranthus pendulus, and two years later (in Roemer et Schultz, System Vegetabilium, vii., 163) he described L. celastroides and L. eucalyptifolius.
In 1830 A. P. De Candolle, in his classification of the Loranthaceae (Pro- dromus Syst. Veg., iv., 259) redeseribed L. pendulus Sieb. under section Stylosi and published for the first time a description of L. congener Sieber. On page 316 he quotes Labillardiére’s description of L. floribundus (Nuytsia floribunda . R. Br.), placing it in section Taguanae DC, along with some Chilian species, and on page 318, under Vix noti numero nempe floris ignoto, refers to Sieber’s L. celastroides and L. eucalyptifolius. Tn the same year he gave a description and figure of L. pendulus Sieb. and L. congener Sieb. in his Mémoire sur la Famille des Loranthacées.
Robert Brown (Journ. Geogr. Soe., 1, 1831, 17) removed Loranthus flori- bundus Labill. from the genus Loranthus, mainly on the winged fruits, and pro- posed the genus Nuytsia. In his Botanical works (vol. 1., 1832, 308) he refers again to Nuytsia floribunda in “A general view of the botany of the vicinity of Swan River.” f
BY W. FP. BLAKELY. 3
In 1834, G. Don (General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants, ii, 419) reproduced the descriptions of L. pendulus Sieber, L. congener Sieber, and L. Gaudichaudi DC. under the generie name of Dendrophthoe, and on page 431 quotes L. eucalyptoides DC. (L. eucalyptifolius Sieber), while on page 432 ap- pears a description of Nuytsia floribunda R. Br. The latter is also redeseribed by Endlicher (Genera Plantarum, 1836-40, p. 803), and a reference to it will be found in Meisner (Plantarum Vascularium Genera, ii., 1836-43, p. 110). In 1837 Fenzl described Loranthus linophyllus (Hugel Enumeratio Plantarum Novae Hollandiae, p. 56), and Nuytsia floribunda R. Br. is redeseribed by Hugel.
In the following year Hooker (Icones Plantarum, p. 13, t. 73) described Viseum incanwm (Notothixos ineanus Oliv.), and Lindley (Mitchell’s Three Ex- peditions, ii., 1838, 69) described L. Quandang. A year later (Appendix to Bot. Mag., 4) he figured Nuytsia floribunda R. Br. and refers to its habit, ete., on page XXXIXx.
Walpers appears to be the next writer, for in his Repertorum Botanices Systematicae, ii., 1843, 438) he gives a description of Viscwm incanum Hook. (Notothixos incanus Oliv.) and JV. distichum Endl. from Norfolk Island. On page 443, he reproduces a deseription of JL. linophyllus Fenzl, and Nuytsia floribunda R. Br. is mentioned on p. 446, while ZL. Quwandang Lindl., is. re- deseribed on p. 940.
In 1844 Miquel (Plantae Preissianae, 1., 281-2) contributed the followmge species: L. miraculosus Miq., L. Casuarinae Miq., L. scoparia Miq., L. Miquelii Lehm., L. Melaleuca Lehm., and L. Preissii Lehm. The following year these species and Nuytsia floribunda KR. Br. were redescribed by Walpers (Rep. Bot. Syst., v., 938, 940).
Three years later Dr. Behr (Sch. Linnaea, xx., 624) described L. Hxocarpi; Lindley (Vegetable Kingdom, 1847, p. 791) mentions Nuytsia ligustrina A. Cunn. (Gaiadendron ligustrina Cunn. Engl.), bis remarks being really a repeti- tion of those in Botanical Mag., 1839.
In 1848 Hooker (Mitchell’s Tropical Australia) described the following species :—L. aurantiacus A. Cunn. MS. (p. 101), Z. linearifolius Hook (p. 102), L. nutans A.C. (L. Quandang Lindley) (p. 158), Z. subfalcatus Hook. (L. Exo- carpi Behr.) (p. 224). These species are also described by Walpers (Annal. Bot. Syst., 1., 1851-52). Hooker (Icon. Pl., 1852, Plate 880) also described and figured Loranthus longifolius Hook. (L. pendulus Sieb.).
To A. Gray (Botany of the American Exploring Expedition, 1854, 739-41) we are indebted for a full description and a figure of ZL. celastroides Sieb. (Phrygilanthus celastroides Hichl.), together with a reference to L. eucalyptifolius Sieb. (L. eucalyptoides DC., P. eucalyptifolius), L. pendulus Sieb., L. nutans Gray non Cunn., L. Cunninghamii A. Gray, L. congener Sieber, and a deserip- tion and figure of L. maytenifolius A. Gray, a doubtful Australian species.
In 1856 Miquel (Ned. Kruidk. Arech., iv., 105) contributed a short paper, probably on behalf of Baron von Mueller, in which appears a description of L. Exocarpi Behr. var. (a) flavescens F. v. M. and var. (b) coccineus F. v. M. He also refers to L. miraculosus Miq., L. Melaleweae Lehm., L. pendulus Sieb. and L. awrantiacus A. Cunn.
Mueller (Report Burdekin Expedition, 1860) gave a short aecount of the Australian species known to him at the time and furnished a description of L. vitellinus F. v. M.; L. signatus F. vy. M. under 2. insularum A. Gray. L. alyxi- folius F. vy. M. is also deseribed under L. maytenifolius Gray, while L. dictyo- phlebus F. v. M. and L. grandibracteus F. vy. M. are described for the first time.
4 THE LORANTHACEAE OF AUSTRALIA, 1.,
In 1860-61 Mueller (Fragmenta, ii, 130) described Nuytsia ligustrina A. Cunn. (Gaiadendron ligustrina A. Cunn. Hichl.). Perhaps the most important revision of the Australian Loranthaceae is “Notes on the Loranthaceae, ete.,” by Daniel Oliver (Journ. Linn. Soe., vil., 1864, 90), which afterwards formed the basis of Bentham’s classification of the Family in his Flora Australiensis, 11., 1866, 386. Oliver did not deal exclusively with the Australian genera, but with a classification of the family generally, incidentally embracing the Australian members of the family. His most notable contribution affecting the Australian section is the segregation of Notothixos from Viscum.
In 1864-5 Mueller (Plants indigenous to the colony of Victoria, t. 30) ficured L. celastroides Sieber and L. eucalyptoides DC. (L. eucalyptifolius Sieber). With the advent of Bentham’s Flora Australiensis, Vol. iii, 1866, appeared the first sequential classification of the Australian Loranthaceae, which comprised five genera and twenty-seven species, namely Nuytsia (1 species), Atkinsonia (1) Loranthus (19), Visewm (3), and Notothixos (3). Since then various Australian botanists, when dealing with the family, very largely followed Bentham’s classi- fication. -Hichler (Martius’ Flora Brazil, 1868, p. 21) included Nuytsia, Gava- dendron and Phrygilanthus in his classifieation of the Loranthaceae, which has since been accepted by Engler. In 1880, Hooker (Icones Plantarum, p. 13, Plate 1319) deseribed Loranthus Atkinsoniae (Atkinsonia ligustrina F. v. M.).
In their classification of the Loranthaceae (Genera Plantarum, 1880) Bent- ham and Hooker partly accepted Eichler’s basis of classification pertaining to Gaiadendron and Phrygilanthus which were noted by them as distinct sections of Loranthus. Bentham (Hooker’s Ieones, 1880-82, p. 13, Plate 1319) described and figured Loranthus Atkinsoniae (Gaiadendron ligustrina).
F. M. Bailey (Synop., Queensland FI., 1883, p. 449) briefly redescribed the species recorded for that State. In the same year, Professor Tate and Baron von Mueller (Trans. Roy. Soe. S.A., vi., 109) described L. Murrayi. Professor Tate (Trans. Roy. Soc. S.A., viii., 1885, 71) added L. gibberulus to the list of species.
Mueller (IXey to the System of Victorian Plants, ii., 1885, plate 66) figured L. celastroides Sieb. and L. eucalyptifolius Sieb. The upper figure on the plate is the former and the lower figure is that of the latter.
In 1889 Engler and Prantl (Pflanzenfamilien, iii., 177) followed Hichler’s classification and recognized Gaiadendron G. Don, and Phrygilanthus Kichler ; they also recognized Bentham and Hooker’s decisions in regard to Loranthus, Notothixos and Visewm. Moore and Betehe (Handbook of the Flora of New South Wales, 1893, pp. 226-8) briefly described the eastern species as defined by Bentham (B. Fl, iii.). The following year R. T. Baker (These Proceedings, (2), 1x., 1894, 158) illustrated the genus Notothixos, and drew attention to what appeared to him intermediate forms of N. subaureus.
it In 1894-5 Van Tieghem (Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France, vol. xhi.) published a new classification which included all the Australian genera and species, and in addition, the names of eight species were published, but apparent- ly without description. The author appears to have used the names only in connection with his classification, which is most regrettable as no doubt some of them formed the basis of the new genera and sections he established.
A. 12%, C. Ashworth (Victorian Naturalist, 12, 1895, p. 51) contributed a most interesting article on the dispersal of the mistletoe, claiming that the Swal- low Dicaeum is the exclusive agent in Victoria in the dispersal of the mistletoe.
An pres Milnaeaun Das Systane 6 5 7 ; F. Turner (These Proceedings, (2), ix., 1895, 559) recorded 27 species of
BY W. F. BLAKELY. &
exotic trees and shrubs growing in New South Wales, the host plants of three species, namely L. celastroides Sieber, L. pendulus Sieber and Viscum articulatum Burm. ©
In 1897 Engler (Pflanzenfamilien, ii.-iv., p. 127) published a revised classi- fication of the Loranthaceae, and accepted Van Tieghem’s classification in regard to Elytranthe and other sections of Loranthus, but in some cases he reduced several of Van Tieghem’s genera to Sections and Series. Spencer Moore (Journ. Bot., xxxv., 1897, pp. 161-72) deseribed LZ. Nestor and L. miniatus as additions to the flora of Western Australia.
Professor Tate (Austr. Assoe. Ady. Sei, vu., 1898, 553) rendered a similar service to that of Turner in systematically recording all the known host plants of the various species.
The next work of importance is that of F. M. Bailey in his Queensland Flora, y., 1902, pp. 1376-83, wherein he redescribed for Queensland, 16 species of Loranthus, 3 species of Viseum, and 3 species of Notothixos, besides depicting L. Bidwillii Bth., L. myrtifolia A. Cunn. and L. grandibracteus.
Mr. J. H. Maiden in a lengthy article in the “Sydney Morning Herald” dated 20.9.1902 drew attention to the destruction caused by the Loranthus, and mentioned that favourable reports had been received as to its fodder value.
Johneock (Proc. Roy. Soe. S. Aust., xxvi., 1902, p. 7, and xxvii., 1903, p. 253) contributed two interesting papers on the Loranthaceae of the Willochra Valley, in which are some useful notes on the distribution cf Loranthus. Dr. A. Morrison in the Western Australian Year Book (1903, p. 204) enumerates the following species for that State: L. Murrayi F. v. M. et ‘Tate, L. Exocarpi Behr., L. acacioides A. Cunn., L. linophyllus Fenzl, L. gibberulus Tate, L. pen- dulus Sieber, L. Quandang Lindl., L. grandibracteus F. y. M., and L. Nestor S. Moore, also Nuytsia floribunda R. Br.
Mr. A. G. Hamilton (Proe. Linn. Soe. N.S.W., xxx., 1905) recorded the host plants of the Loranthaceae tound at Mt. Kembla. In the same Journal Mr. J. J. Fletcher recorded 54 host plants for three species, namely, L. longi- folius Desr. (ZL. vitellinus F. v. M.), L. celastroides Sieb. and L. miraculosus Miq. He also drew attention to the double parasitism of these three species. James Britten (Botany of Cook’s First Voyage, Part iii., 1905, p. 86, Figs. 274-6) rendered a special service in describing and depicting three species of Loranthus collected by Banks and Solander during Captain Cook’s voyage in the “En- deavour” in 1778. Dr. Diels (Die Pflanzenwelt von West Australien, 1906) dis- cusses the doubtful parasitism, ete., of Nuytsia floribunda R. Br., and on p. 109 an excellent figure of the plant is given, together with a photograph of the tree (Taf. vi.). A photograph of L. Quandang Lindley parasitic on Acacia acuminata also appears on page 302 (Taf. xxvil.). L. linifolius (L. linophyllus is probably intended) is also mentioned.
In 1908 (These Proceedings, xxxill., pp. 344-376) Mr. J. J. Fletcher con- tributed an interesting paper on the cotyledons of Atkinsonia ligustrina and Nuytsia floribunda. Mr. C. C. Brittlebank in the same journal (p. 650) pub- lished the “Life History of Loranthus Exocarpi,’ illustrated by a number of valuable photographs.
M. Em de Wildeman (Plantae Norti Thenensis, 1909, Pl. Ixxvi., p. 61) figures and deseribes L. linophyllus Fenzl (L. Preissii Miq.).
F. M. Bailey (Queensland Agric. Journ., xxvii., 1911, p. 198) deseribed and figured L. conspicuus Bail. He also placed on record a new species of Viseum, V. australe Bail. In the same year Professor Ewart (Proce. Roy. Soe.
6 THE LORANTHACEAE OF AUSTRALIA, Tey
Vie., xxiv., (N.S.), 1911, p. 69) deseribed L. signatus F. v. M. var. pulchea Ewart from Western Australia.
In 1912 F. M. Bailey (Queensland Ag. Journ., xxix., p. 190) deseribed and figured L. Quandang var. Bancrofti Bail. In his ‘Comprehensive Catalogue of Queensland Plants” he enumerated 17 species of Loranthus, and also figured L. Quandang var. Bancrofti Bail. L. conspicuus Bail., L. (Beawverdiana) dictyo- phlebus F. v. M., Viscum angulatum Hey., V. orientale, V. australe Bail. and V. articulatum. Three species of Notothixos were also recorded by hin.
W. V. Fitzgerald (Journ. Proc. Roy. Soc. W.A., iii., 1916-17, 35) described two new species, L. ferruginiflorus and L. biangulatus. He also recorded L. signatus F. vy. M., L. longiflorus Desr., L. acacioides A. Cunn. and Viscum articulatum Burm.
C. H. Ostenfeld in a “Contribution to West Australian Botany,” (Dansk ‘Botanisk Arkiv., Bd. 2, No. 8, Pt. 11, 1908, p. 14) published several species under Enegler’s revised classification.
Professor Ewart (Flora Northern Territory, 1917, p. 88) recorded 14 species for the Territory.
Mr. D. A. Herbert recently contributed a noteworthy paper on Nuytsia floribunda R. Br. (Journ. Proe. Roy. Soe. W.A., v., 1918-19, p. 72) in which he definitely settles the question of parasitism of Nuytsia.
Range and Origin.
If we take into consideration the range of the Family Loranthaceae, we are impressed with the fact that it is very largely represented in the warmer parts of the globe and readily draw deductions that it had its origin in the tropics and gradually extended to the cooler temperatures north and south of the equator. What its origin was, it is difficult to explain. Perhaps the most feasible explanation is that intimated by Meyen when discussing tropical vege- tation (Geography of Plants, p. 164): “But not only do the trunks of trees serve as the support of so luxuriant a vegetation, but high amongst the foliage are seen the scarlet flowers of Loranthus, shining Tillandsiae, Pitcarniae, and a whole host of climbing plants, which, taking root in the ground, at first twine up the trunks and branches, but afterwards forsake their parent soil, and continue to grow as parasites. Von Martius, during his long abode in Brazil, has traced with extraordinary acuteness the manner in which these singular plants grow, and his deseription will give the best idea of it.” (Reise, ete., ii. 32).
Keeble (Trans. Linn. Soe., 2nd Ser., v., 1896, 101) describing the adven- titious roots of a seedling plant of Loranthus loniceroides, says, “I cannot but think that this early putting out of the aerial root is a phenomenon of heredity and throws light on the course by which the Loranthaceae become parasites; the seeds, originally sticky, often lodged on the trees, and, as in many species of Ficus, these seeds, germinating, threw out roots which rapidly reached the ground or the earth which collects in the forks of trees.”
Synopsis of the Family.
The family Loranthaceae, according to Engler’s classification, comprises 25 genera and 811 species. It is reasonable to suppose: that since the publication of Engler’s classification the number has greatly increased, and it is highly pro- hable there are now upward. of about 30 genera and 1,000 species. Fur- ther additions are evident when the tropical and sub-tropical floras are syste-
7
BY W. F. BLAKELY.
matically worked, and also when a more intimate knowledge is attained of the already known genera and species.
Of the 25 genera represented under Engler’s classification, only seven are represented in Australia, namely:—Nuytsia R. Br., Gaiadendron G. Don, Phry- gilanthus Wichl., Loranthus L., Notothixos Oliver, Viscum L. and Korthalsella van ‘Tiegh.
Nuytsia is the only genus strictly Australian.
Gaiadendron and Phrygilanthus are found in Brazil and Chili; the latter is also endemic to the Philippines. Notothixos is indigenous to Ceylon, Philippine Islands and New Guinea, while Loranthus and Visewm are very widely distributed over the temperate and tropical zones. Korthalsella appears to be limited to India, Japan, Java, New Zealand, Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands, and also to some of the larger islands of the Pacific.
Nuytsia is confined to Western Australia; Gaiadendron to New South Wales; 4 species of Phrygilanthus are endemic to New South Wales and Queensland, and two species extend to Victoria. Loranthus is dispersed as follows:—Victoria 9 species, South Australia 9, Northern Territory 15, New South Wales 20, Wes- tern Australia 23, and Queensland 28 species. L. Exocarpi, L. Miquelii, L. Preissii and L. Quandang are the only species disseminated over the whole of Australia. Korthalsella is represented by 2 species each in Queensland and Nor- folk Island respectively, and 1 species each in New South Wales and Lord Howe Island. Notothixos has 3 representatives in New South Wales and 4 in Queens- land. Three species of Viscum are also endemic to the latter State, while New South Wales and Western Australia have each a single species.
The genus Elytranthe Blume, a native of Java and India, according to Eng- ler, embraces some of the Australian species of the sub-genus Dendrophthoe. In this respect I cannot follow Engler, as they appear to me to have more of the characters of Dendrophthoe than Elytranthe, consequently the latter genus is excluded.
There has been much confusion in the genus owing to the lack of knowledge on the part of collectors. Many collectors have committed the error of mixing what they probably thought were forms of the same species, but in reality they were different. Many so-called types are unreliable, owing to mixed material.
We have examples of this on the type sheet of L. Quandang Lindl., and in many of Dr. Leichhardt’s specimens. Mistakes have also arisen through imper- fect material, as in the case quoted by Bentham when referrmg to a specimen from the Howick Group, thought by him to be referable to L. odontocalyx, which afterwards proved to be quite a different species, No. 18. The ordinary layman is apt to regard all the Loranthus he sees under more favourable cireumstances than those which surrounded the early collectors, as belonging to the same species. When experienced persons make mistakes concerning them, there is little wonder that others are sometimes in error, and their information should on all oceasions, unless backed up by actual specimens, be interpreted with the greatest caution.
It so happens that, with a large quantity of material which appears to be all the same, there is often a mixture of other species. The distribution of this material has, in some instances, been left to unqualified persons, consequently what is sent out as purporting to be a specimen of the type is something totally different. i
& THE LORANTHACEAE OF AUSTRALIA, 1.,
Seeds and Germination.
The seeds of all the Australian Loranthus are surrounded by viscin, enclosed in a thin membranous sac, strengthened by 4 to 6 longitudinal flaccid appen- dages, rising from the somewhat spongy base, and extending 2 to 4 mm. beyond the seed. The viscin sac varies in length according to the size of the fruit. The spongy base is also very variable; in some species it is a mere speck, in others it is 5 mm. long, and about as broad. When the visein is exposed to the air it hardens somewhat, and changes in appearance, until it appears like gum or resin. In Phrygilanthus celastroides and P. eucalyptifolius, it becomes quite gummy. If soaked in formalin mixture it turns white, like hard mutton fat, and can be separated from the seed without diffieulty, but if placed in the same mixture fresh from the epicarp, it remains soft and gelatinous.
James Drummond (Hooker’s Jour. Bot., v., 1853, p. 406) contributed the following interesting notes on the seeds of a Western Australian Loranthus :— “Some months ago, when I was dissolving some Acacia gum, which had been for three-quarters of a year in my possession, I noticed that it contained seeds of the beautiful Loranthus which grows on our Acacia. They seemed so fresh that I placed them on the bark of a tree in the neighbourhood, where they quickly germinated.”
The seeds of the Loranthus appear to need a fair amount of moisture to ensure successful germination, and consequently the humid conditions prevailing during portion of the summer are more favourable than the hot dry periods for the suecessful development of the young seedlings.
I have repeatedly noticed that on germination the hypocotyl does not favour a strong light, particularly the light from the side. In all the experiments carried out by me on-the various species, the hypocotyl turned away from the light; even when the hypocotyl was so placed that if it grew forward it would come in contact with the host, instead it turned away. Experiments conducted against a window subjected to strong sunlight are not altogether favourable for the successful development of the young plants, for they rarely grow beyond the attachment stage. In the natural surroundings the light is often more uniform and the humidity more favourable than that of a closed room, hence the young seedlings possess greater vitality, and readily adapt themselves with vigour to the host, if it be a favourable one.
On examining some ripe fruits of L. miraculosus var. (b), I noticed that the seed had already germinated, but the suctoral dise was unable to penetrate the thick epicarp, and therefore was compelled to turn down towards the base of the seed in some, while in others, the hypocotyl was spirally twisted and, when re- leased, was too far gone to recover, having exhausted the supply of food from the endosperm.
In nearly all eases when germination takes place the hypocotyl and embryonic cotyledons show strong traces of chlorophyll, either a green or purple pigment. In some seeds that contain but little albumen the embryo is quite green before the fruit is fully ripe and, therefore, the irritability set up by germination can- not altogether be a factor in the assimilation of chlorophyll within the embryo.
The first pair of leaves that make their appearance in the germinating seed of most species are not truly the cotyledons but the primary leaves. They are sometimes rudimentary, acicular, linear, spathulate, oblong, lanceolate and elliptie in form, besides developing to a considerable thickness; they remain for a period of a few months to four years on the young plants before they fall off. In sueh species as P, celastroides and P. eucalyptifolius they are markedly large for the
BY W. IF. BLAKELY. 9
small hypocotyl, and appear to carry out the function of photosynthesis for the young plant to a considerable extent.
The Embryonic Cotyledons,
The term embryonic cotyledons applies to the cotyledons when enclosed in the endosperm, or when withdrawn from it. In many species they are not withdrawn, but remain imbedded within it, apparently absorbing, for the benefit of the hypocotyl and suctoral disc, the food stored therein. In some species the cementing of the viscin acts as a deterrent to the withdrawal of the cotyledons, and in such cases an early penetration or attachment of the dise takes place, thus reducing the need for the withdrawal of the cotyledons from the endosperm. The enclosed cotyledons appear to generate viscin, for they are saturated with it in a growing seedling, and almost free from it in a dormant seed. This ap- pears to confirm the suggestion that the cotyledons act as suckers to absorb food from the endosperm until the radicle has established itself.
In all the species that I have investigated, the embryonic cotyledons are not withdrawn from the endosperm when germination takes place: they are L- congener, L. Gaudichaudi, L. miraculosus var. (b), L. No. 15, n.sp., P. celas- troides, P. eucalyptifolius, L. Miquelii, and L. bifurcatus. Griffith, studying the development of the ovules of Loranthus and Viscum (Trans. Linn. Soe., xviii., part i., p. 78) observed that, “The cotyledons in all the species I have examined remain inclosed in the albumen, which substance begins to disappear as soon as the plumula commences to be developed.”
Brittlebank, in the “Life History of L. Exocarpi’’ (These Proc., xxxiii., 1908, 650), distinctly depicts (Plate xx., figs. 2-4) the embryonic cotyledons withdrawn from the endosperm. Fig. 2 shows the hypocotyl in its early stages, and two opposite obovate cotyledons, followed by a pair of elongated lanceolate sessile leaves, and the first internodes with two small broad lanceolate leaves. Fig. 3 shows a young seedling slightly more advanced, without the cotyledons, but with the first pair of leaves, also two internodes, and above them four somewhat closely imbricate leaves.
I have not seen the seedling of this species beyond the germinating stage.
In L. biangulatus W. V. Fitz. the cotyledons are withdrawn. A young seed- ling on the type specimen shows a terete and slightly tubereulate hypocotyl, 6 mm. long; cotyledons linear-lanceolate, 5 mm. long; suctoral dise broad, smooth, 4 mm. in diameter.
There is a photograph of this species in the “Western Mail,” Perth, W.A., 9th June, 1906, showing a much larger seedling.
Double Embryos.
The irregularity of the cotyledons of various species of Loranthus is ac- counted for by the fact that some seeds possess a double embryo which, on ger- mination, gives rise to four cotyledons (or primary leaves) instead of two. Tt sometimes happens that one or more are suppressed by the cementing or harden- ing of the visein and appear beneath the resinous mass in amorphous chlorophyll forms. The appearance of the double embryo opens up the question as to whether they are the result of the seed being two-celled. The evidence seems to point in that direction, as I have found two indistinet cells in some fruits of L. congener Sieb. and L. miraculosus var. (b). Bower (Origin of a Land Flora, 1908, p. 127) draws attention to “the decrease in the number of sporangia, by fusion of sporangia which previously in the race were separate. This has been
10 THE LORANTHACEAE OF AUSTRALIA, 1.,
assumed as an explanation of synangial states by various writers, but it can only rarely be proved on grounds of comparison that fusion of sporangia has actually taken place, and the best evidence of it comes from the Angiosperms. Thus the fusion of the ovules, leading indeed to obliteration of their identity, occurs in certain species of Loranthus, and comparison leaves little doubt that the sunken embryo-saes represent the individual ovules, the identity of which is lost as re- gards external forms.”
On this same subject Worsdell (Principles of Plant Teratology, i., p. 93) quotes Treube, who “describes a case in which Loranthus sphaerocarpus, the fer- tilized ovum divides by a vertical wall, but the sister-cells develop together into a single proembryo, consisting of a double row of cells. The case of imperfect twins, in which the lower part of the structure is undivided while the upper is separated into two similar parts, represents at once the simplest case of fasciation in existence and also the phenomenen which most easily and clearly explains it, illustrating as it so well does the result of the compromise between the two ten- dencies towards unification and separation respectively. It is a by no means uncommon phenomenon for two embryos or young seedlings to appear more or less intimately fused together.”
Griffith (Trans. Linn. Soe., xviii, i., p. 82) refers to the plurality of em- bryos in some Indian species of Viscwm. Also J. D. Hooker (FI. British India, v., 223) says, “Embryo in fleshy album, solitary or 2 in each seed.”
Double embryos have also been found in Viscum album L., the well known European mistletoe, and attention has been recently drawn to it by Dom Ethel- bert Horne (Journ. Bot., liv., 1916, p. 292) whe says, “There appear to be two kinds of mistletoe seeds—those that produce but one radicle and those that pro- duce two or more. The former are oblong in shape and the latter triangular. In the paper by the late Dr. Bull of Hereford on Viscum album (Trans. Wool- hope Club, 1852-65, p. 312) he states that out of 36 seeds taken at random, 25 had a pair of radicles. I put 30 seeds, also taken haphazard, in a patch on the- trunk of a plane-tree. Three of these were lost, and of the remaining 27, two radicles came from 19, which is almost exactly the same proportion as in Dr. Bull’s experiment. But where he obtained only 4 seeds with single radicles out of 36, I grew 7 out of 27—a very much larger proportion. Also in the older experiment 7 seeds had 3 radicles, whereas I had only 1.”
Brittlebank (These Proc., xxxiii., 1908, 650, fig. xxx.) depicts a double vadicle in L. Exocarpi. I have also observed and depicted the same phenomenon in the following species: L. congener Sieb., L. Miquelii Lehm., L. miraculosus Miq. and the variety (b). L. No. 15, n.sp., L. Gaudichaudi DC., L. No. 24, nsp., L. vitellinus F. v. M.
In the majority of cases the development of the double radicle is unequal, and a large percentage of them fail to develop into plants. As the two radicles appear to exhaust the store of food within the endosperm before the suctoral disc becomes established, it is evident that the double radicles are not always a beneficent factor in the reproduction of the species, but, on the contrary, they are detrimental to it. They are also subject to self-parasitism, which results in the death of the one preyed upon, and occasionally both succumb.
Parasitisn. Tt has been pointed out by many authorities that the Loranth does not live
entirely upon the host. The presence of chlorophyll in the leaves and young branches is suggestive of the power of assimilation it possesses, and therefore
BY W. F. BLAKELY. iat
it is only partly dependent upon the host for its food supply, which consists cehiefly of moisture and mineral food derived from the host through its haustoria or sucking roots. Being possessed of green leaves, it is able to make the rest of its food by photosynthesis.
J. D. Campbell (Text Book of Botany, p. 506) refers to the Loranth as a ‘semi-parasite, because it possesses chlorophyll, “and can therefore assimilate earbon-dioxide, nevertheless it penetrates the tissues of other plants and takes food from them.”
It appears that Loranthus is capable of extracting injurious properties from its host as shown in the case of L.. namaquanus, a South African species found parasitic on Melianthus comosus, a well-known poisonous plant. According to a record by Marloth (Flora South Africa, vol. 1., p. 167) “The Loranthus . . . is eagerly eaten by animals, and farmers state that they have lost goats which had eaten some Loranthus that was growing on Melianthus. If the animals had not really eaten some of the Melianthus together with the Loranthus, this oc- currence would indicate that the poisonous principle had passed from the host into the parasite growing on it.” It is generally understood that species of Loranthus are detrimental to the trees and shrubs upon which they grow, but are not wholly injurious, except in extreme cases, where vegetation is im- poverished. They have the tendency of disfiguring forest trees, rather than des- troying them altogether, as it would be unnatural for them to destroy the source of their food supply; the greatest danger is when they become attached to young trees in the sapling stage; it is then that the greatest amount of damage is done, as the young tree is quickly deformed and rendered useless for all purposes. On the other hand, when large or mature trees are infected by these parasites it is only the branches that are affected, and, in the majority of cases, it is quite @ long time before any injury is noticed, the usual result being the loss of the upper portion of the branch, the parasite taking its place; in the course of time, it entirely surrounds the end of the branch and appears to preserve it from further decay by excluding the air and rain by its growth. In the majority of eases it is the small branches that suffer most; the Jarger ones appear to be more capable of resisting the growth of the parasite, perhaps on account of the diminution of the cambium layer. The young branches are more sappy and afford better facilities for the spread of the haustoria, which sometimes encircle the young branch, and hence, the flow of the sap is eut off from the terminal portion which dies, and in a number of eases falls off.
Anyone who has given attention to this group of plants must be impressed with the fact that all parasitism of this family is purely accidental; moreover, owing to the sticky nature of the seeds, and the simple manner in which they are dislodged from the ripe fruits, every inducement is offered to accidental parasitism im every case. When the fruit is ripe it is easily dislodged, and many are displaced by strong winds, which act as a distributing agent, as well as birds and other animals that feed upon the ripe fruits or come in contact with them, so that the assortment of host plants of any partieular species de- pends largely upon cireumstanees.
The seeds have been found adhering to many objects. The seed of the European mistletoe, Visewm album L., has been noted by many observers sus- pended from telegraph and telephone wires, and we have a similar example, in the case brought under my notice by Mr. A. Cox, of Mudgee, who found seeds of L. miraculosus Miq. hanging from a wire fence; surrounding an orchard. Three seeds were suspended by a thread of viscin, the seeds being half’ an inch apart.
12 THE LORANTHACEAE OF AUSTRALIA, Is
It was thought at one time that the Loranth would only grow on certain hosts, but such is not the case. There are, however, some instances when the parasite is more prevalent on some host than others. For example, L. Gaudic- haudi is invariably parasitic on Melaleuca parviflora Lindl. while L. No. 23, n.sp. appears to prefer Brachychiton Gregorti F. v. M. If these species were thoroughly investigated in the field, they would, in all probability, be found on other plants as well, and probably good reasons for their apparently preferen- tial choice of hosts would be found. For a long time I had been puzzled by the frequency of L. vitellinus upon the Bloodwood, Eucalyptus corymbosa Sm., in the Hornsby (Sydney) district, and, after careful observations, I have attributed it to the Harmonious Thrush, Colluricincla harmonica, and the Blue Jay, Cora- cina robusta. These birds feed upon the fruits of the Loranth and also upon the beetles and other insects which visit the blossoms of the Bloodwood. In this case the food assortment of these birds is the accidental factor which accounts for association of the Loranth with the Bloodwood, as the parasite is usually in ripe fruit when the Bloodwood is in full blossom.
Besides the foregoing there are other examples of what might be termed preferential parasitism, for which it is most difficult to find a satisfactory reason, as in the following’ cases:
On the Pennant Hills Road, Normanhurst, Sydney, Phrygilanthus celas- troides, P. eucalyptifolius and Loranthus vitellinus smothered five plants of Photinia serrulata. Other plants in the vicinity, though older and more sappy than the Photinia, were quite free from the parasites. It is interesting to note that none of the plants that were free from the mistletoe were berry-bearing species. They were Tristania conferta, Eucalyptus resinifera, Jacaranda ovali- folia and Erythrina indica.
In the Botanic Gardens, Sydney, the Planes, Platanus orientalis, are im- fested with Phrygilanthus celastroides, and a few plants of P. eucalyptifohus and Loranthus congener, while on either side of the Planes the Willows, Salix babylonica, ave quite free from the parasites, notwithstanding the fact that the branches of the Planes almost touch those of the Willows.
Another case in point, is that of Loranthus congener Sieb. In the. vicinity of Bobbin Head, near Sydney, Casuarina suberosa is the common host of that species, while plants of Caswarina glauca Sieb., which fringe the salt waters of Cowan Creek, and in many places are only a few feet away from the infested trees of C. suberosa, are entirely free from the parasite. Yet, in other localities, L. congener has been found parasitic on Casuarina glauca.
The same phenomenon also applies, in the same locality and extending along the water front as far as Windybank’s boat sheds, to Phrygilanthus celastroides, which is fairly common on Casuarina suberosa and only occasionally parasitic on C. torulosa, but I have never yet found it on C. glauca, although I have been constantly on the lookout for it for three years. On several occasions I have seen the branches of C. torulosa and C. suberosa mingled with those of C. glauca, and the former laden with the parasite, but not a trace of it could be found on the latter. Those who are acquainted with the two trees would readily admit that C. glauca, with its thinner bark, which is also less corky, would appear to offer more inducement to the parasite than either of its con- geners. I have also noticed that.Phrygilanthus celastroides appears to have a decided dishke to the Hucalyptus, or is incapable of effecting a union with it in the majority of cases. On the other hand, its congener P. eucalyptifolius is just the reverse. The fruits of the former are smaller than those of the latter, as
BY W. F. BLAKELY. 13
also are the seeds, while the viscin does not appear to be as durable and the radicle is not quite as strong; therefore, it 1s probably less adapted for effecting an infection in certain hosts. Apparently the Hucalyptus is one of these, al- though I have never attempted the germination of its seeds upon the Hucalyptus.
Certain hosts, because of their thick deciduous bark, are very largely im- mune from the attack of the parasites, and, unless the young radicle has made good during’ the season before the host commences to shed its bark, and had penetrated well beyond the deciduous cortical layer, it stands a chance of being carried away with it.
Such host plants as Eucalyptus punctata have the class of bark alluded to, but the species does not appear to be capable of warding off all attacks; never- theless, the percentage of Loranthus found parasitic upon it is exceedingly small. Phrygilanthus eucalyptifolius is occasionally suecessful in effecting a union with it, but I look upon that species as the most tenacious and aggressive of all the Australian Loranthaceae, as it 1s capable of adapting itself to almost any host under trying conditions. Next to it in vitality is Loranthus vitellinus, which has rather large fruits, and whose seeds are amply supplied with viscin and albumen, which enable it to establish itself upon many kinds of host. On some of the Ironbarks, Eucalyptus paniculata for instance, large clumps of Phrygilan- thus eucalyptifolius are often seen, indicating that they were attacked at an early age, as it is quite a difficult matter for the young radicle to penetrate the hard, composite, kino-like bark, which affords little or no nutriment to it, and 99 per cent. of the seeds that fall upon the bard bark fail to obtain an ad- hesion. It is upon the young tender branches, or in the furrows of the semi- hard bark that the young plants are best able to thrive. Besides the ordinary or single adhesion we have what is called “double or secondary” parasitism, which is a very common form, and many interesting examples can be seen in the field in places where the parasites are plentiful. The most notable on re- cord is that recorded by Mr. J. J. Fletcher (These Proe., xxx., 1905 (1906), p. 489) as follows: “Mr. Fletcher exhibited eleven branches or parts of stems— being portion of eight individual plants of Loranthus celastroides, parasitic upon four Eucalypts, two Angophoras, a Quince tree, and a Pinus insignis. These eight Loranths had been victimised in their turn by seventeen Loranths (shown im situ upon the host-Loranths) referable to three species.”
I have noticed that with plants of Phrygilanthus eucalyptifolius in the Botanic Gardens, Sydney, both on Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. and E. melano- phloia F. vy. M., secondary or self parasitism results in a much shorter and more erect growth instead of the long pendulous branches so common to this species. Loranthus was proclaimed a noxious plant in Victoria in 1904, which accounts for its absence in some districts. Mr. D. W. Shiress, after a recent visit to Vie- toria, informed me that the Loranth is almost stamped out, and that during his two week’s stay in the Bendigo district he saw but two plants.
Adwentitious Roots.
Adventitious roots occur on all the species of Phrygilanthus found in Aus- tralia, and also upon some species of Loranthus. The ramifications of the root structure are similar in both genera. The union with the host in some species gives rise to numerous red-brown adventitious roots which, in nearly all cases, take a downward course. The chief purpose of these roots appears to be to give greater support and stability to the plant, for, by becoming attached to the cambium of the host, they draw from it, through their haustoria, most of the essential food that the parent plant requires.
14 THE LORANTHACEAE OF AUSTRALIA, L.,
The mode of attachment of the adventitious roots depends largely upon the host. They oceur more frequently, and are more vigorous, upon hosts with a persistent bark. The swelling or ball-like growth is commonly associated with hosts having a deciduous bark. On one occasion [| came across a plant of Phrygilanthus eucalyptifolius growing on the trunk of Angophora lanceolata Cav., which had no swelling where the union took place, but, instead, a deep: depression around the base of the parasite, as if it were growing from a hole in the trunk of the host from which two strong adventitious roots descended for about six feet; one was almost dead, and entirely free from the host, the other, in a fairly healthy condition, had, at regular intervals of about six inches, sent out haustoria from the lower surface, which had penetrated the host in the same manner as a seedling plant. These had become elongated, and no less than seven layers of the dead bark of the host were counted on two of them, and five layers on three others. In two places I was able to pass my fingers between the host and the main root. The largest rootlets were about an inch long and conspicuously ringed. The old bark of the host had partly erumbled away, and could be turned round and round like so many washers. The point of attaech- ment of the rootlets was much smaller and extremely weak. The struggle for existence of this particular plant was noticeable in the sparseness of its foliage. The annual shedding of the host bark was to all appearances detrimental to it, as it loosened the feeders annually, thus depriving them of the necessary sup- port.
When adventitious roots are formed upon plants with a persistent bark, as in the ease of Angophora intermedia, Exocarpus cupressiformis, Syncarpia lawrifolia and many others, they are very firmly attached to the host. On old plants they form a matted mass encircling the host for some distance on either side of the attachment, but usually they are more numerous on the side facing the South. Occasional examples will be seen when the main root develops to a considerable size of varying thickness. This applies more particularly to the adventitious roots of P. celastroides when living wpon Synearpia laurifolia. Sometimes the adventitious roots are free, and sway about in the wind, like those formed on the branches of some species of J*icus, and continue to grow until a.suitable object is reached for them to prey upon. It happens that they sometimes reach the ground but do not penetrate it, as in the case with the roots of the Ficus, but become dry and withered at the end.
I had under investigation at Turramurra, near Sydney, a plant of Phrygil- anthus eucalyptifolius growing on the trunk of Acacia decurrens var. moliis,. with two adventitious roots touching the ground. I heaped some soil around them to ascertain whether they would root in the soil, but in the course of two months I found that the portion of the roots [ had placed in the soil were dead, and above the dead part new roots had formed which were well beyond the level of the ground. This matter is worthy of further investigation in other species. It, however, proves one point,—that the adventitious roots of Phry- gilanthus difter entirely from the so-called adventitious roots of other genera.
The adventitious roots of this Family are capable of feeding upon each other. It is a common oceurrence to. see conglomerate masses of roots fused together by their own haustoria, thus suggesting the idea that the parasite actually lives upon itself. When the roots are broken they produce new roots from the side near the end of the broken part, and continue to grow as in the first instance.
Many of the roots are seen to produce young plants along them, but in
BY W. F. BLAKELY. 15
some cases the plants are the result of seed germinating upon the roots, having fallen from the parent plant or been deposited by birds or other agencies. If a large plant be examined in the fruiting season when the fruits are ripe, a num- ber of young seedling parasites will be seen adhering to the branches, roots, and even leaves of the parent plant. So that many of: the sucker-like growths observed on the roots are due to reproduction from its own seed, and in this manner large clumps are often formed upon the roots and branches of the host, thus illustrating another form ot parasitism—“self or secondary.”
It is interesting to note that when this form of parasitism takes place the union of the two parasites is scarcely distinguishable, and would be passed over in a great many cases as ordinary branches.* There are occasional exceptions when the union gives rise to a ball-like swelling, and when this is the case, the plants are much larger and more vigorous than when no union is perceptible. Another point of interest is the deterioration in the size of the parasite when living upon its parent. The result is a diminution chiefly in the shortness of its branches and leaves, or in other words, smaller plants are produced, after a year or two. Adventitious roots act in the assimilation of moisture for the plant. As will be noticed when attached to a dead branch, their haustoria push their way beneath the dead bark in quest of food or moisture; they do not enter very far into the dead cambium, but adhere firmly to it. When by chance or accident they become attached to the dead wood, the haustoria or root suckers are more numerous, and are sometimes closely followed by each other in a con- tinual line beneath the main runner, and resemble a number of grubs in out- line.. During favourable weather, that is, when the weather is warm and there is a bounteous rainfall, the growth of these roots upon the dead branches is very marked, and is indicative of the part played by them in providing moisture for the plant. It may also be surmised that when the haustoria feed upon dead wood or bark, a fair amount of liquid food is absorbed by them which must naturally benefit the plant. It is well known that decaying vegetable matter contains plant food, and it is quite reasonable to assume that in carrying out their functions these adventitious roots, with the aid uf their haustoria, convey a considerable amount of nutriment to the plant, and are therefore of much value to it, not only as a means of assisting the plant to adhere firmly to the host, but also as an agent of assimilation.
The following species possess adventitious roots:—Phrygilanthus Bidwillii, P. myrtifolia, P. eucalyptifolius, P. celastroides, Loranthus vitellinus, L. dietyo- phlebus, L. odontocalyx, L. alyxifolius, L. biangulatus.
The Union or Attachment.
In the Australian Loranthaceae there are two distinct forms of union or attachment with the host, namely, ball-like and fusiform.
The first is brought about in two ways: (1) When the wood of the parasite expands into a ball-lke excrescence over the wood of the host, and (2) When the penetration of the radicle causes the wood of the host to form a ball-like growth around the point of attachment of the parasite. Both no doubt are the result of a straight or single puncture of the radicle. To the first, I have
_*I find that Mr. J. J. Fletcher has made the same discovery in reference to this form of parasitism, and has placed it on record in these Proceedings (xxx., 1905 (1906), 489).
16 THE LORANTHACEAE OF AUSTRALIA, i.,
applied the name “aggressive,” and to the second “defensive” attachment, or union.
It is not my intention to go into details, as the subject needs careful and critical investigation; all I propose to do is to draw attention to it.
Loranthus Gaudichaudi provides a good example for the ball-like union. The fusiform swelling is the result of the division and creeping nature of the radicle as it penetrates the host, causing it to swell into a eylindrical body, as seen in P. Bidwillii. This form is invariably followed by adventitious roots which soon make their appearance, relieve the radicle by effecting an early union with the host, and thus lessen the growth at the point of attachment, rarely if ever reaching the dimension of the ball-like union. Sometimes the adventitious roots form a conspicuous swelling at the union, and increase in size, ultimately forming the main stem, as seen in some plants of P. celastroides.
Under “Origin” (p. 6) I drew attention to the adventitious roots of Loranthus, which appear to have impressed some observers with the idea that it was at one time a climbing plant, and through evolutionary changes had dis- pensed with the soil as a means of existence, and instead acquired the habit of appropriating the bark and sap of various plants to perfect itself, just as its hosts utilise the soil in the process of their development and reproduction.
It will be admitted that those species possessing adventitious roots appear to throw some light upon their origin, as suggested by Meyer and Keeble, and therefore, are singularly interesting on that account.
It might be assumed that the ball-like growth, or union free from aerial roots, belongs to the oldest species, as it demonstrates that the parasites, through evolution, have thrown off what is usually aecepted as one ot their primary characters, and have to depend upon a single attachment. If that is so, they therefore make the fullest use of the sun’s rays in the assimilation and reten- tion of essential foods: much of their food no doubt consists of atmospheric moisture and inorganic compounds, and they are to a great extent self sup- porting. This single adhesion is also more suggestive of xerophytic nature than support by adventitious roots; it is not nearly as destructive to vegetation, and is easily eradicated.
None of the Australian Loranthaceae throw out runners beneath the cortex of the host hke the European mistletoe, Viscum album L., and they are, on that account, much easier to eradicate without doing any serious damage to the host.
The following species develop a ball-like union:—L. pendulus, L. congener, L. Miquelii, L, Gaudichaudi, L. miraculosus and varieties, L. No. 15, msp., L. linophyllus, L. grandibracteus, L. Exocarpi and varieties (aggressive), L. Quan- dang and var. Bancrofti, L. No. 24, n.sp., L. No. 21, nsp., L. ferruginiflorus, L. gibberulus, L. Murrayi, L. No. 32, nsp., L. Nestor. i
Species with a fusiform union or not definitely ball-like:—P. myrtifolius, P. Bidwillii, P. celastroides {Sometimes ball-like (defensive) type when parasite on Platanus orientalis], P. eucalyptifolius, L. vitellinus [Sometimes ball-like (aggressive) when on smooth-barked trees like Angophora lanceolata. This Species in many eases throws out one or two adventitious roots which soon develop haustoria, causing the wood of the host of rough-barked trees to expand around them in raised globular excrescences, which, as they grow, remove the adventitious root further away from the host, which does not increase in size, and is soon surpassed in thickness by the main branches of the parasite], L. No.
(23; n.Sp., L. alyxifolius, L. dictyophlebus [Growth similar to that of L. vitellinus |, L. biangulatus.
BY W. F. BLAKELY. 17
Mimicry or Imitative Powers of Loranthus.
I cannot say that I am greatly impressed with Loranthus as having any marked power of mimicry. To my mind, based upon field observations, the great controlling factor in the variability of a species is ecological. The Loranth is what environment makes it, not a desire of the plant to conceal its identity by imitative means, but one solely to derive as much nutriment as it can from its host.
I have arrived at this conclusion after a careful examimation and study of various species, extending over four years, noting the condition of the host, favourable or unfavourable, attachment of the parasite in relation to the host, and the climatic conditions prevailing. Shade and exposure have a great in- fluence on the development of the size, shape, colour, thickness or texture of the leaves, and also on the colour of the flowers. Likewise a sound attachment and a vigorous food plant play a most important part in the life of the parasite. There is, however, a gradual development of different forms of some species which, though difficult to deseribe, manifest themselves irrespective of host dif- ferentiation, and which may be termed species in the making, or in the evolu- tionary stage, without easily definable characters.
One of the commonest species in the Port Jackson district is Phrygilanthus eucalyptifolius, which is beyond doubt the most polyphagus of our mistletoes; notwithstanding its large assortment of food plants, it does not show any par- ticular or marked signs of mimicry of any of them. Its leaves show the same uniformity when growing on Acacia Baileyana as on A. melanoxylon, A. impiexa, or when parasite on Angophora cordifolia, and on the long joimted terete branch- lets of Casuarina. In fact I have seen specimens from the latter with leaves remarkably broad and long, which might be said to be ridiculously out of all proportion to those of the host, and are contrary to all attempts at mimicry. This also applies equally to P. celastroides, Loranthus congener, L. pendulus, L. Miquelii, L. vitellinus and others that I have noted in the field.
W. P. Hemsley (Jour. Linn. Soe., xxxi., 308) draws attention to the re- markable similarity of the leaves of ZL. pendulus to those of Hucalyptus amy- gdalina (radiata). The close analogy of the leaves of some of our Loranths and Euealypts and other hosts is readily admissible. But is it not attributable to homoplasy, rather than to sensitiveness or instinct on the part of the plant to conceal its identity? On this subject Spencer Moore writes (Jour. Linn. Soc., xxxiv., 1898-1900, p. 259) “The frequent close resemblance, between certain species of Loranthus and their hosts was noticed by me. Nor was it without interest that I learnt, on my return home, how the same facet. had been alluded to by that sagacious observer, James Drummond. [See below]. The two species showing this resemblance best are Loranthus pendulus, Sieb., var. parviflora, which is difficult to desery when growing upon the Quandong, and L. Quandang, Ldl., of which the leaves are strikingly similar to those of its host, an Acacia. But it may be doubted whether mere homoplasy is in point here, seeing that the parasites are greedily eaten by camels, + and so are, in. all probability, equally attractive to vegetivorous marsupials. In these cases, therefore, the re- semblance may possibly be protective, and may have been perfected by means of natural selection. The attraction probably lies in the flowers, which contain much nectar and are very sweet in consequence.” + “Camels will browse upon the parasites and leave the hosts quite untouched, although the latter are them- selves excellent food. There would be stronger support for the suggested mimi-
18 THE LORANTHACEAE OF AUSTRALIA, 1.,
ery were the host distasteful; but the parasites have, it must be remembered, only a small range of selection, if any.”
James Drummond (Hooker’s Jour. Bot., ii., p. 347 and 360, 1840) also re- fers to the close resemblance between the Loranthus and certain hosts. Miss C. M. Le Plastrier (Australian Naturalist, iv., 1920, 139) also refers to the same phenomenon, and wonders if it is a “case of protective adaptation.” By giving _a little thought to this subject I find quite a number of plants with leaves similar to those of Loranthus. For example, the terete leaves or plyllodes of Acacia calamifolia, A. Havilandi, A. neura (the terete form) and many other terete phyllode species resemble the terete leaves of L. Preissii more closely than those of the Casuarinae. Other plants which are also homoplastiec with it or its congeners L. linophyllus and L. No. 15, n.sp., are Hakea lorea, H. Cunning- hami and H. Fraser. Amongst the Euealypts corresponding examples are also. numerous, both in the lanceolate and the cordate leaves of that genus. In the case of Loranthus eucalyptifolius H.B. et K. from Venezuela, which the authors undoubtedly thought resembled Hucalyptus—hence the name, although Hucalyp- tus is not indigenous to Venezuela—it cannot be accused of imitating a host which is not even indigenous to its native country. Many other examples can be cited. In fact, nearly every family of the Vegetable Kingdom, especially nmong the Cryptogams and Phanerogams, has many counterparts in some other totally different family, and therefore homoplasy is much more common than at first appears, and it is not confined to the parasites any more than to other groups of plants. No doubt the parasite habit of Loranthus led to the belief that it imitated the plant from which it derived its nourishment.
In reference to the suggested “protective adaptation,” it is evidently, in the case of L. pendulus and L. vitellinus and other species with showy flowers, the reverse, and, instead of being “protective,” is strikingly ‘attractive.’ Whether it is with the object of perpetuating the species, by attracting the birds and insects to assist in the pollination of the flowers (if it be necessary), is an open question. I have seen the “honey-eaters” fly with the greatest precision from plant to plant of ZL. vitellinus when in full blossom in quest of nectar. If these plants had inconspicuous flowers the birds would not be able to detect them so readily; as it is, they are discernible at a great distance, especially L. vitellinus.
Fertilization of the Loranthas.
I am of opinion that all the Australian species of Loranthus that have come under my observation are self-pollinated, as the anthers are fully developed and the pollen released from them simultaneously with the opening or bursting of the petals. The close proximity of the stigma to the anthers, and-~ the powdery nature of the pollen facilitate the work of self-pollination.
It has been suggested by Keeble (Trans. Linn. Soc., 2nd Ser., iv. (3), 1896, p. 94) that nectar-eating birds assist in the fertilization of the flowers, in which I concur, as it is quite possible that some of the flowers occasionally “miss,” and these may accidentally be fertilized by visiting birds, as their bill is bound to be saturated with pollen as they forage amongst the flowers in quest of food. tt must be admitted that the percentage of flowers pollinated by birds in some districts is remarkably small, seeing that there are no examples of hybridism, though the opportunity for such is very often favourable.
During the flowering season in the Port Jackson distriet the following species flower about the same time:—P. celastroides, P. eucalyptifolius and
BY W. F. BLAKELY. 19
Loranthus vitellinus. In fact they are so closely associated that all three are sometimes found upon the same host, and oceasionally parasitic on each other, yet I have not seen any forms suggesting or exhibiting any signs of hybridism.
Many species are without doubt pollinated by insects and many of the buds show punctures made by small grubs.
The Curvature of the Style.
In some species the style is distinetly eurved in bud. This appears to be the result of two causes:—(1) the thickening of the top of the petals, and (2) the closely packed anthers around the top of the style. In all the Australian species, the style, when fully developed, exceeds the anthers by 2-5 mm. The development or extension of the style is sometimes the result of the elongation of the ovary. As the top of the petals in some species is considerably thicker than the median portion, and a coneavity is formed on the inner surface by the combined thickness of the stigma and the closely packed anthers, it is evident that both characters act conjointly in the curvature of the style.
The style of ZL. sanguineus F. vy. M. var. puleher Ewart is distinctly curved in bud, and it appears that the greatest pressure is apically. The tops of the petals are remarkably thick and coriaceous and considerably broader than in the middle, consequently the latter part is the weakest and therefore apt to offer the least resistance. The style, which appears to grow fastest, meets with opposition at the apex, and is foreed to bend in the middle; in so doing it presses against the diminished portion of the corolla and forees the segments apart along the commissural line, the bent portion protruding 3 or 4 mm. above the surface of the segments. At first, only two of the segments are cleft (one opposite the other) by the curving of the style, the others gradually splitting afterwards as the flower ages, from which it appears that the style has some influence on the opening of the flower. The anthers play a prominent part also in the curvature of the style of this variety, as their tips are somewhat firmly pressed into the slight depressions around the base of the large stigma. They remain in that position after the petals separate, and when released have the tendency to keep in an erect position around the style, instead of curling back with the petals away from it, as is the case with nearly all the allied species.
In dried specimens the style is distinetly bowed by the adhering anthers, which are so firmly pressed to the base of the stigma that their apices are broken by the style in its effort to release itself or to gain an erect position. When fully developed it is longer than the petals, and it continues to grow after the flower opens. I have not had the opportunity of earrying out field observations with this form to ascertain the exact position of the stamens in the expanded flower; but in the dried state they coincide with the above descrip- tion.
Another point to be considered is whether the adhering apices of the anthers that are saturated with pollen grains impregnate the stigma before the style succeeds in releasing itself from the anthers. In the case of L. Exocarpi Behr. var. (a), the style, when in bud, is bent from one side of the corolla to the other, and is actually shorter than the anthers when in that position. When the flower expands it exceeds the anthers by 3-4 mm. ‘This indicates that the style to some extent assists in the opening of the flower (Keeble, /.c.). In one specimen of L. dictyophlebus F. v. M. the style was distinetly curved, and it had protruded through one of the clefts of the petals. L. vitellinus, L. acacioides,
20 THE LORANTHACEAE OF AUSTRALIA, i.,
and L. alyxifolius ave species which show the bent character of the style when. in bud. Dispersal and Distribution.
The dispersal’ and distribution of Loranthus has been the subject of much discussion. An examination of the seedling parasites in the field discloses the fact that birds are the chief agents of distribution, as many young seedlings will be found adhering to the branches of trees and other objects, and in some instances small clumps of 3 to 6 seedlings, sometimes of different species, will be seen growing together, the seeds having been deposited by birds.
Loranthus is a light-loving plant, and is found in the most exposed situa- tions, along the mountain spurs and ridges, usually with a northerly, easterly or westerly aspect, in open forest country, along the main roads in the vicinity of cultivation, also around orchards and large gardens. The scrub land affords but few species, and they are more often found on the fringe, rarely in the dense scrubs. Some species prefer the coastal area, others the dry interior, while a few keep to the sub-tropical regions. Thus Loranthus in common with other plants, has its barriers to migration. This may be accounted for by the fact that some species are less hardy than others, and cannot live beyond cer- tain latitudes, and consequently become confined to limited areas, while the dissemination of the hardier species may be controlled by the limitations of their migratory agents of dissemination.
The distribution of Loranthus is most marked along open water courses, both on the coast and in the interior. In well-watered country the parasite is widespread. In the drier interior it is less common, although in some places in the desert country it is apparently abundant.
In the desert, the absence of large or suitable host plants is probably the compensating factor, ‘as Loranthus makes the most of its host and sometimes, through the favourable position of the first attachment, it increases by the seeds falling on to the lower branches of the host, developing into strong plants, which almost take possession of the host. 7
The habit of the birds that feed upon the flowers or fruits of Loranthas is also to be reckoned with. They are peculiarly regular in their habits when feeding upon the parasites, for they fly from Loranth to Loranth with the greatest precision, methodically searching for newly-opened flowers or ripe fruits. It was thought at one time that the “Mistletoe Bird,’ Dicaeum hirundin- aceum, which feeds wpon the ripe fruits of the Loranthaceae, was the sole agent of distribution cf these parasites, but quite a number of birds feed upon the flowers and fruits of Loranthus, as the following records will show: Writ- ing of the Mistletoe Bird, Dr. E. P. Ramsay (These Proe., 2nd Ser., i., 1886, p. 1093) says, “This species is universally dispersed over the whole of Australia; feeds on berries and fruits of various kinds, but seems to prefer those of the Loranthus, of which we have in Australia so many varieties if not species, and of a Visewm (V. aurewm), which is only found as a parasite on the Loranthus; this plainly accounts for the distribution of the Loranthus and Viscum all over the districts frequented by the Dicaeum, and in which it is locally known as the Mistletoe Bird.”
Professor R. Tate (Rept. Horn Sci. Exped., iii. (Geol. and Bot.), p. 129) writes, “The little Dicaewm hirundinaceum. lives chiefly on the berries of Loranthus spp., and in consequence the distribution of the bird is coterminous with that of its food plants . . . Tasmania and Kangaroo Island, where the bird is absent, do not produce a single species of Loranthus.”
BY W. I. BLAKELY. 21
H. P. C. Ashworth (Viet. Nat., xi., 1895, p. 51) intimates that the swallow Dicaeum seems to be the exclusive agent in Australia in the dispersal of the Mistletoe.
In a letter to the “Sydney Morning Herald” dated September 26th, 1902, Mr. Edward Stack attributes the dissemination of the mistletoe to the Silver- eye, Zosterops coerulescens, and the common house-sparrow, Passer domestica.
Mr. C. F. Johneock (Trans. Roy. Soe. S. Aust., xxvi., 1902, 7, et xxvii. 1903, p. 253) records the following birds observed by him on Loranthus: Acanthiza, Yellow-rumped Tit (Does not eat the fruits but nests in the Loranth); Ptilotis sonora, Singing Honey-eater: Acanthochaera carunculata, Wattle Bird; Zos- terops coerulescens, Silver-eye, “A great distributing agent. To this bird is attributed the spread of the Loranth to the fruit trees. Coracina robusta, Black-faced Cuckoo Shrike.”
Mr. A. J. North (British Ass. Ad. Se, 1914, N.S.W. Handbook, p. 299) states that “the Family Dicaeidae, with a single representative in Australia, has an important action on its flora. The Mistletoe-bird (Dicaewm hirundin- aceum), generally distributed over New South Wales, feeds largely on the viscid berries of the Loranthus, which it passes entire, and thus assists in the distribu- tion of this parasite.”
C. C. Brittlebank in his “Life History of Loranthus Exocarpi,” had noted the Swallow Dicaeum and the Bell Magpie, Strepera versicolor, feeding on the fruits of L. Exocarpi. The latter he says “feeds upon the fruits which it swal- lows whole, easting the seeds.”
In the vicinity of Warrawee, near Sydney, I watched the Dicaewm strip a plant of Phrygilanthus celastroides of its ripe fruits; the ingenious way in which it performed the task was not without humour. First the bird bit the fruit to ascertain whether it was ripe, and if so, gave it a sharp twist dis- locating it, then, turning the fruit endways in its bill, it sueked the seed from the epicarp, letting the latter fall to the ground, and then proceeded with an- other in the same manner. The whole process was similar to a person drink- ing out of a bottle—the pear-shaped fruits resembling little bottles.
During the month of May, 1920, I observed the Starlings feeding upon the fruits of Phrygilanthus .eucalyptifolius in the Botanic Gardens, Sydney.
The following birds were observed by me eating the fruits of various species of Loranthus in the Hornsby district. I determined the birds from Dr. J. A. Leach’s “Australian Bird Book.” The numbers following the names are those used in the book. Mistletoe Bird, Dicaeum hirundinaceum, No. 336; Yellow Rumped Thornhill, Acanthiza chrysorrhoa, No. 293; Red-browed Finch, Aegintha temporalis, No. 382; White-eye, Zosterops coerulescens, No. 334; Rufus-breasted Whistler, Pachycephala rufiventris, No. 323; White-eared Honey- eater, Ptilotis leucotis, No. 358; Leatherhead, Tropidorhynchus corniculatus, No. 374; Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrike, Coracina robusta, No. 262; Grey Bell Magpie, Strepera versicolor, No. 394; Harmonious Thrush, Collwricinela harmonica, No. 315; Little Cuckoo-Shrike, Coracina mentalis, No. 263.
The last four swallow the fruit whole, and it passes through them in a mass mixed with the wings of beetles, ete. The smaller birds usually swallow the seed only; sometimes they sip at the sweet watery substance surrounding the viscin before and after the seed is dislodged from the epicarp. Mr. Frog- gatt, the Government Entomologist, informed me that he saw the Galah, Cacatua roseicapilla, feeding upon the fruits of Loranthus linophyllus Fenzl at Warrah, N.S.W.
22 THE LORANTHACEAE OF AUSTRALIA, i.,
At Bowan Park, along Oakey Creek, 20 miles S.W. of Orange, N.S.W., I noticed the following birds feeding upon the fruits of LZ. No. 15,—Mistletoe bird, Dicaewm hirundinaceum; Golden-rumped Diamond-bird, Pardalotus «an- thopygius; Silver eye, Zosterops coerulescens; Soldier-bird, Myzantha garrula; Leatherhead, Tropidorhynchus corniculatus; Rosella, Platycercus eximius; Galah, Cacatua roseicapilla,; Cockatoo-Parrot, Calopsittacus novae-hollandiae.
The small birds are the greatest disseminators of Loranthus, as in a large number of cases when they feed upon the fruits, they do not swallow the seed, but as before stated, sip the sweet fluid surrounding it, and in many cases the seed sticks to the bird’s bill, and is displaced by wiping it on the most con- venient object. Sometimes the seed is not easily dislodged. J have seen the Mistletoe-bird and the Silver-eye make many attempts before they succeeded; thus the seed is occasionally carried long distances before it is disposed of. With the large birds, the fruits being swallowed whole, the seeds and epicarps are passed in a hard mass, consequently the only chance the seeds have of ger- minating is when they happen to fall in the fork of a tree,—a rare occurrence.
The percentage of seeds sticking to the bill of the large birds is exceedingly small. An example of seed distribution of this family was noted by me in the case of specimens of Loranthus Miquelii, collected at Brooklyn, Hawkesbury River, which contained seeds of ZL. vitellinus and Phrygilanthus eucalyptifolius. The former was plentiful on Angophora lanceolata about fifty yards away, while adult plants of the latter were half a mile away. On another occasion. while examining a large clump of P. eucalyptifolius near Asquith, Hornsby dis- trict, I noticed a little clump of seeds of Phrygilanthus and Notothixos that had been deposited by a bird, one seed of Phrygilanthus and two seeds of Notothixos subaureus were just commencing to germinate. After a diligent search extending over two hours I failed to find any plants of Notothixos in the vicinity. The nearest plant known to me was more than a mile away.
The Flying Fox, Pteropus rubicollis, is another agent of distribution of these parasites. Towards the end of April of 1920, a large number of these animals paid several visits to the Botanic Gardens, Sydney, and I noticed that beneath a large tree of Hucalyptus melanophloia which was frequented by them, and which was infested with Phrygilanthus eucalyptifolius the ground was strewn with the castings of small clumps of seeds and epicarps of the parasite. In some cases the fruits appeared as if they were partly chewed, and the seed sucked off the sweet coating. It is reasonable to assume that a number of seeds adhere to these animals when feeding upon the fruits of the parasites, and, presumably, the result is an aecidental distribution of the parasites by them.
List of Bird Disseminators.
Acanthiza chrysorrhoa, Yellow-rumped Thornhill. Acanthochaera carunculata, Wattle Bird. Aegintha temporalis, Red-browed Finch.
Cacatua roseicapilla, Galah.
Calopsittacus novae-hollandiae, Cockatoo-Parvot. Colluricincla harmonica, Harmonious Thrush. Coracina mentalis, Little Cuckoo Shrike. Coracina robusta, Black-faced Cuckoo Shrike. Dicaeum hirundinaceum, Mistletoe Bird. Gliciphila melanops, Tawny-crowned Honey-eater. Myzantha garrula, Soldier Bird.
BY W. F. BLAKELY. 23
Pachycephalus rufiventris, Rufus-breasted Whistler. Pardalotus xanthopygius, Golden-rumped Diamond Bird. Passer domestica, Common Sparrow.
Platycereus eximius, Rosella.
Ptilotis leucotis, \White-eared Honey-eater.
Ptilotis sonora, Singing Honey-Eater.
Strepera versicolor, Grey Bell Magpie.
Sturnus vulgaris, Starling.
Tropidorhynchus corniculatus, Leather-head.
Zosterops coerulescens, White-eye.
Birds Observed Feeding on the Nectar.
Nearly all the flowers of the Australian species of Loranthus and Phrygilan- thus contain much nectar, and therefore are sought after by many honey-eating birds. On examination, many of the flowers in the field will be found with small punetures at the base and sometimes in the swollen part near the at- tachment of the filaments. The flower tube of Loranthus vitellinus, Phrygilan- thus eucalyptifolius, and P. celastroides is sometimes filled for more than half its length with nectar.
I watched the Spinebill, Acanthorhyncha tenuirostris, No. 348 (Leach, op. cit.) and the Tawny-crowned Honey-eater Gliciphila melanops (fulvifrons), No. 349, and the Yellow-Rumped Pardalote, Pardalotus xanthopygius, No. 341, piercing the base of the flowers with their sharp bill, or thrusting it between the clefts of the ripe buds, or down the centre of the flower. Other birds noted by me feeding upon the flowers between Hornsby and Pymble, near Sydney, were the Sanguineus Honey-eater, Myzomela sanguinelentas, No. 346; Singing Honey-Hater, Ptilotis sonora, No. 356; and the White-bearded Honey-eater, ieliorms novae-hollandiae. These birds also feed upon small insects at the same time, thus demonstrating that they do not depend upon the parasites for their food supply.
Mr. O. H. Sargent (Ann. Bot., xxxu., 1918, 216) states that he saw Zosterops Gouldi and other honey-eaters sipping nectar from the flowers of Loranthus linophyllus Fenzl in the York district, Western Australia.
Fungi Found Upow the Mistletoes.
The Loranthaceae, like other groups of plants, are not immune from the ravages of microscopic fungi which attack the leaves and fruits, and also the wood of some species. In the Port Jackson district a number of Loranthus, Notothizos and Phrygilanthus ave infested with Fungi, which m many cases appear on the visein surrounding the seed.
As far as I am aware, Mr. D. McAlpine was the first to draw attention to the Fungi upon Loranthus in Australia. In These Proceedings (xxvil., 1903, 96) he recorded Cerospora Loranthi D. McAlp. on the living leaves of Loranthus pendulus Sieb. at Dandenong Creek, Victoria. Mr. W. Pearse, of Jerry’s Plains, writing to the “Sydney Morning Herald,’ 19th September, 1905, in- timated that a disease killed out all the mistletoes attacking the Kurrajongs. Mr. R. T. Keys, of Muswellbrook, in a letter to the same paper dated 10th October, 1905, also stated that “a disease had spread over hundreds of miles of country killing out the mistletoes.” It appears that no investigations were carried out to ascertain the cause of the Mistletoes dying out in these localities, nor to ascertain the nature of the disease.
24 THE LORANTHACEAE OF AUSTRALIA, i.,
Insects Attacking the Mistletoe.
Quite a number of different kinds of insect gall are found upon some species, both on the leaves, young shoots, buds and fruits. These galls vary considerably in shape and size. So far few of the insects which eause them have been determined. Mr. G. A. Waterhouse (These Proceedings, xxxi., 1906, pp. 424, 425) exhibited specimens of all the known Australian species of Ogyris (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae), which feed mainly upon the Loranthus. “Comment- ing on the habits of their larvae, he remarked that so far all had been found to feed on various species of Loranthus, feeding by night only and hiding dur- ing daylight under pieces of bark, in holes in the trees, under stones on the ground, or even in ants’ nests. Most of the species are attended by ants, which seem to be very useful to them. About 7 o’clock one evening he watched larvae of O. ianthis making their way from a piece of Loranthus to their hiding place. These larvae did not seem to have any idea of direction, for they frequently attempted to go quite away from their hiding place, but were prevented by the ants blocking their further progress in that direction.’
Mr. J. J. Fletcher (These Proe., xxxiv., 1909, 419) exhibited a number of Diptera pronounced by Mr. W. W. Froggatt, Government Entomologist, to be probably an undescribed species of Ceratitis, bred from fruits of Loranthus pendulus (L. Miquelii Lehm.), forwarded from Perth, Western Australia, by Dr. J. B. Cleland. “The majority of the fruits sent were infested with larvae— one in each infested fruit—which had eaten out the seeds more or less com- pletely by the time they were ready to pupate.” The following year in the same journal (pp. 862-3) Mr. W. W. Froggatt pronounced the insect to be Ceratitis Loranthi Froggatt.
Mr. J. A. Iershaw (Vict. Nat., xxv., 1908-09, 131) recorded a search for the “Larvae and pupae of the rare blue butter-fly, Ogyris olane. The larvae feed on the Mistletoe, Loranthus pendulus, and when fully grown, travel down the tree-trunk (often a considerable distance) to near the base, pupating under the loose bark.’ Several pupae were found.
Messrs. A. A. Hamilton and G. A. Waterhouse (Aust. Naturalist, iii., 1915, p- 90) veeorded having found the larvae of the butterfly Ogyris amaryllis amaryllis on the branches of L. linophyllus var. (b) Benth. at Tuggerah Lakes.
T. S. Hart (Viet. Nat., xxxiv., 1917, 33) drew attention to the larvae of the “Mistletoe Butterfly,’ Delias harpaleyense Don on Loranthus celastroides (Phrygilanthus celastroides) .
Some fruits of Loranthus No. 24, which I had received from Mr. A. Morris, Broken Hill, contained larvae; when hatched out, they proved to be a species of moth, which Mr. W. W. Froggatt determined as one of the Microlepidoptera.
Many plants, particularly old ones, are infested with scale insects in the Hornsby district, which have a bad effeet upon the parasites. The Indian Wax Seale, Ceroplastes cerciferus Andyr., and the two Red Seales, C. rubens Marsk., and Aspidiotus aurantii Marsk., were noted on the following species by me: Phrygilanthus celastroides, P. eucalyptifolius, Loranthus congener, L. pendulus, L. Gaudichaudi, L. vitellinus, and Notothizos subaureus. My. T. Steel also drew my attention to the Indian Wax Seale on P. eucalyptifolius near Kuring-gai station, near Sydney.
Economie Uses.
So far Loranthus and allied genera have not been put to any extensive economic uses. All the species produce edible fruits which are eagerly sought
BY W. FP. BLAKELY. 25
after by birds, and they are also used as an article of food by the blacks in the remote parts of the continent.
E. Palmer (Proc. Roy. Soc. N.S.W., xvii, 1883, p. 100) says that the fruits of L. longiflorus Desr. (L. odontocalyx F. vy. M.), L. Exocarpi and L. Wuandang Lindl. are used for food by the natives of the Flinders and Mitchell Rivers. They also bruise the leaves of L. Exocarpi in water and then drink the concoction in eases of fever. Mr. F. M. Rothery in the “Sydney Mail,’ 17th February, 1904, drew attention to the possibilities of the growth of the mistletoe being turned into ornamental articles.
Nuytsia is said to exude a large quantity of transparent gum which makes a good adhesive mucilage. -It also appears to be suitable for paper pulp.
Phrygilanthus eucalyptifolius and Loranthus vitellinus fruit profusely, the fruits containing copious viscin which is suitable for making bird lime.
Professor Ewart (Flora Northern Territory, p. 88) states that “Z. longi- florus Desr. (L. odontocalyx F. v. M.) is said to contain 10 per cent. of Tannin.”
Seeman (Flora Vitiensis, p. 429) states that “the leaves of L. insularum A. Gray are used by the natives for dyeing their cloth and cordage black.’
Stock lood,
From time to time reports are received from stock owners and others directing attention to various species of mistletoes being relished by stock. Sheep and eattle are said to be particularly fond of Loranthus and MKorthalsella.
Spencer Moore (Journ. Linn. Soc., xxxiv., 1898-1900, 259) mentions that the parasites are greedily eaten by camels, and in some cases they prefer the parasite to the hosts, although the latter are excellent food. W. Bauerlen has observed the same with L. miraculosus var. (b). Stock Inspector A. W. Mellen states that in the Bourke district “stock are fond of the Mistletoe, L. linearifolius but in many cases they will not eat the tree it grows upon.” Between Wahroonga and Normanhurst on the Pennant Hills road, Sydney, there is a large plant of Magnolia grandiflora laden with Phrygilanthus celastroides; the lower branches of the Mistletoe are eaten off by cattle as high as they can reach, showing that they will eat the parasite when it is within their reach. Mr. Max Koch (Trans. Roy. Soe. S. Aust., xxil., 1898, p. 101) writing from Mt. Lyndhurst states that the mistletoes are eaten by stock.
In ieference to Korthalsella breviarticulata, Stock Inspector M. H. Simon reports that “in the Gunnedah district, cattle and sheep are passionately fond of this plant.”
Spencer Moore, on Poisoning of Camels (Jour. Bot., xxxv., 1897, 172) writes. “I never saw camels browsing on vegetation known or reasonably sup- posed to be harmful; my early fears in respect of some, such as the Loranthi, and Alyzxia buxifolia, having proved quite groundless.”
26
A MONOGRAPH OF THE FRESHWATER ENTOMOSTRACA OF NEW SOUTH WALES. Parr i, Cuapocrra.
By Marguerite Henry, B.Sc., Linnean Macleay Fellow of the Society in Zoology. (Plates iv.-vii.; and four Text-figures. ) [Read 29th March, 1922.) Introduction.
The pioneer of the study of the Cladocera in New South Wales was the Rev. R. L. King who, in 1852, published two papers in whieh he very briefly described nineteen species belonging to seven genera, one genus, Dunhevpedia, being new. His specimens were almost exclusively collected in the near neigh- bourhood of Sydney. In 1853 Dana, with the United States Exploring Expedi- tion, added one more,species which he collected from ‘pools near Sydney.” No further reference to Cladocera in New South Wales was made for twenty-four years, until, in 1889, Prof. G. O. Sars of Christiania published some brief notes on some of King’s species, the specimens having been collected for him in the. Waterloo Swamps. In 1896 he published a longer paper containing the descrip- tions ‘of eight new species and also more detailed deseriptions of some of King’s species; his material for this paper was raised from dried mud, collected in swamps and pools near Sydney. In 1919 the present writer received some small collections of Crustacea from eight country districts and published a paper in which twenty-five species were described, seven of them being new. The material for the present paper was obtained from as many localities as possible and fifty species belonging to seventeen genera are dealt with; five species are described as new and others are recorded for the first time, some in Australia, some in New South Wales. A short deseription of each genus and species is given, as well as keys to all the New South Wales species.
In the other States there must be many unrecorded forms. In Queensland, Sars, in 1885 and 1888, described 16 species, eight of which were new, collected in the neighbourhood of Rockhampton. No additional species have been reeorded since that date.
In 1903, Haase mentioned the occurrence of five species in Victoria. In 1904, 1912 and 1914, Sars published three papers, each dealing extensively with one species, for one of which he proposed a new genus, Saycia. Searle published two papers in 1917 and 1918, in which the presence of several more species is recorded, and also a table is given showing their relative numbers for every month in one year, in a certain pond. This raised the number of Victorian species to sixteen.
BY MARGUERITE ILENRY. 27
No reference has previously been made to the occurrence of Cladocera in South Australia; eight species are here recorded, all of which were collected in the Botanic Gardens, Adelaide.
Only one species has been recorded for Western Australia, Moina flexuosa, a species described as new by Sars in 1896.
In Tasmania, G. W. Smith in 1909 recorded eleven species, eight of which were described as new.
Preserving and Mounting—The best preservative for Cladocera is 10% glycerine in alcohol. This does not distort or render them brittle as do so many preservatives; they can be mounted directly from the glycerine alcohol in glycerine jelly, but an excellent mounting medium can be made by a mixture of gum arabic, cocaine, chloral hydrate and water. If a stain is required, borax carmine is fairly satisfactory; after staining, the specimens are cleared in the usual way and mounted in Canada balsam.
The writer’s thanks are due to Acting-Professor L. Harrison for his interest and valuable advice in the preparation of this paper, and also to many friends, who have so kindly collected material.
The following lists give the species of Cladocera recorded from the various States :
New South Watss.
DAPHNIDAE.—Daphnia carinata King, and vars. intermedia Sars, gravis King. magniceps Sars, cephalata King, Scapholeberis kingi Sars, Simocephalus australiensis (Dana), S. elizabethae (King),S. gibbosus Sars, S. acutirostratus (Xing), S. theringi (2) Richard, Ceriodaphnia cornuta Sars, C. spinata Henry, C. honorata (King), Moinodaphnia macleayii (King), Moina australiensis Sars, M. tenuicornis Sars, M. propinqua Sars.
MACROTHRICIDAE (Lyncodaphnidae).—Pseudomoina lemnae (King), Macrothrix spinosa (King), and var. dentata Playfair, M. triserialis Brady, Ilyocryptus spinifer Herrick, I. sordidus (Liévin).
CHYDORIDAE (Lynceidae).—Camptocercus australis Sars, Acroperus avirostris Henry, A. sinuatus Henry, Alona affinis Leydig, A. cambowii Richard, A. clathrata Sars, A. laevissima Sars, A. pulchella King, A. whiteleggti Sars, A. wallaciana Henry, A. kendallensis Henry, A. longirostris Henry, A. abbreviata Sars, A. microtata, n.sp., Graptoleberis testudinaria (Fischer), Dunhevedia crassa King, D. podagra King, Pleurozus inermis Sars, P. reticulatus Henry, P. australis, n.sp., Chydorus globosus Baird, C. ovalis Kurz, C. leonardi Wing, C. denticulatus Henry, C. jugosus, nsp., C. unispinus, n.sp., Alonella karua (ing), A. diaphana (King), A. clathratula Sars, A. excisa Fischer, A. dwoodonta. n.sp.
Vicrorra.
DAPHNIDAE.—Daphnia carinata King, and vars. intermedia Sars, gravis King, eurycephala Sars, expansa Sars, cephalata King, lamellata Sars, Scaphole- beris kingi Sars, Simocephalus acutirostratus (ing), S. elizabethae (King), 8. gibbosus Sars, Ceriodaphnia rotunda Sars, Moina australiensis Sars, M. tenui- cornis Sars.
MACROTHRICIDAE.—Pseudomoina lemnae (King), Ilyocryptus sordidus (Liévin).
BOSMINIDAE.—Bosmina longirostris Muller.
CHYDORIDAE.—Camptocercus australis Sars, Alona pulchella Wing, Pleurorus inermis Sars, Chydorus globesus Baird, Saycia orbicularis Sars.
QUEENSLAND.
SIDIDAE.—Diaphanosoma excisum Sars, Latonopsis australis Sars.
28 FRESHWATER ENTOMOSTRACA OF N.S.W. 1. CLADOCERA,
DAPHNIDAE.—Daphnia lumholtzii Sars, Simocephalus australiensis (Dana), S. elizabethae (King), Ceriodaphnia cornuta Sars, Moina propinqua Sars.
MACROTHRICIDAE.—Macrothriz spinosa King, Ilyocryptus spinifer Her- rick.
CHYDORIDAE.—Leydigia australis Sars, Dunhevedia crassa King, Alona archeri Sars, A. laevissima Sars, A. clathrata Sars, Alonella diaphana (King), A. karua (King).
Sourn AUSTRALIA.
DAPHNIDAE.—Simocephalus australiensis (Dana), S. elizabethae (King), Ceriodaphnia rotunda Sars. BOSMINIDAE.—Bosmina longirostris Muller. CHYDORIDAE.—Leydigia quadrangularis Leydig, Chydorus globosus Baird, C. unispinus Henry. WESTERN AUSTRALIA.
DAPHNIDAE.—Moina flexuosa Sars. TASMANIA.
DAPHNIDAE.—Daphnia carinata King, Simocephalus australiensis (Dana), S. dulvertonensis Smith, Ceriodaphnia hakea Smith, C. planifrons Smith. —
BOSMINIDAE.—Bosmina geoffreyi Smith, B. tasmanica Smith, B. sorelli Smith.
MACROTHRICIDAE.—Maerothrix burstalis Smith.
CHYDORIDAE.—Alonella nasuta Smith, A. propingua Smith.
Key to the families of Cladocera.
A. Antennae with dorsal rami four-jointed, ventral three-jointed.
B. Antennules short, intestine with two hepatic caeca.. ...... .. Daphnidae. BB. Antennules long, intestine without hepatic caeca.
C. Antennules fixed, ocellus absent .. .. .. Aly SIMO ed Oe Bosminidae.
CC. Antennules freely movable, ocellus pteesnt .. ++ ++ ++ Macrothricidae. -
AA. Rami of antennae both three-jointed .. .. .. .. .. .. -. .. «. -» Chydoridae.
Family DAPHNIDAE Straus.
Antennules small, one-jointed. Antennae with three- and four-jointed rami. Eye large; ocellus small, sometimes absent. Five pairs of feet. Intestine not convoluted. Ephippium well formed, containing one or two eggs.
Key to genera of Daphnidae. A. Rostrum present. lay PeleKel ad-hoc Goo 90 oo oc Hol do OGeeEDO gayAslno ldo ba o¢-c0. Demonia, BB. Head not crested: C. Posterior margin of the carapace with two ventral spines Scapholeberis. CC. Carapace ending posteriorly in a short spine or angle Simocephalus. AA. Rostrum absent. B. Ocellus present, carapace completely covering the body.
C. Head small; depressedivisn (5 en sos e010.) ae) a) el Cermodaphnias CC. Head large, extended .. .. .. SoA oG pene BB. Ocellus absent, carapace not Soran ietely eaeenine, the body. .. .. Moina.
Genus Darpunia Muller, 1785.
Female. Body laterally compressed, with a median spine on the posterior margin of the carapace. Head crested; not separated from the thorax by a
BY MARGUERITE HENRY. 29
cervical sinus, rostrum present. Carapace marked with a rhomboidal pattern. Antennules immovable. Ephippium containing two eggs.
Male. Smaller than the female. Head without a rostrum. Antennules large and movable. First foot with a hook and long flagellum.
This genus comprises over seventy species from different parts of the world, all of which are subject to considerable variations. Only one species has thus far been recorded from New South Wales.
Key to varieties of Daphnia earinata
A. Carina very greatly developed, forming a large expansion .. .. var. cephalata. AA. Carina of ordinary size. Bespinenstraightw ake seule ms cl aioe Un Var skantenmMeara. BB. Spine upturned. Ce IRGC MASEINU Klos) Go Hel ce dane Go aHiloe ied selon nolo \ENe, (iiioise CO) Rostrumiistraight se ius) sisi cls asielies 6s oe) War oncgniceps:
DAPHNIA CARINATA King (Syn. D. similis Claus.).
First deseribed by King (1852, p. 246) and later redescribed by Sars (1896), both writers noting varieties. In 1914 Sars published a more detailed descrip- tion to show the extraordinary variableness of the species.
Female. Outline of carapace very variable, mainly due to the degree of development of the carina surrounding the anterior portion; the posterior spine may be very long, medium sized or greatly reduced. Head carinated, fornix terminating on each side in an angular corner. Eye of moderate size, ocellus small. Antennules very small. Post-abdomen with a straight dorsal edge, 10-14 marginal denticles, end-claws curved, short, bearing a row of fine spinules.
Male. Smaller than female. Head without a distinct carina, carapace spine long and slender. Antennules with a well developed flagellum.
Distribution.—This species oceurs in New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and in New Zealand; also in Palestine and Syria.
Typical form (Plate iv., fig. 1).
Carapace somewhat oval in shape, narrowing posteriorly towards the base of the spine. Head with a very acute rostrum, carina not very largely developed. Posterior spine exceeds half the length of the carapace. Length up to 4 mm.
Distribution —N.S.W.: “Swamps near Sydney,” Clyde, Parramatta, Corowa.
Var. INTERMEDIA Sars.
Carapace shorter and broader. Posterior spine coarser. Length not ex- ceeding 3 mm.
Distribution —N.S.W.: Waterloo Swamps, Hay; Victoria. Var. GrAvis King.
Carapace broadly oval, rostrum recurved, posterior spine slender, upturned. Length 5 mm.
Distribution Sydney, Melbourne. Var. MAGNICEPS Sars.
Carapace quadrangular, posterior spine very upturned. Head large. Length 3.5 mm. This variety has only been collected from swamps in the neighbourhood of Sydney. Var. CEPHALATA King (Plate iv., fig. 2).
Carina very greatly developed forming a large expansion which is sharply
30 FRESHWATER ENTOMOSTRACA OF N.S.W. 1. CLADOCERA,
defined from the straight dorsal margin of the carapace. Posterior spine long, only slightly upturned. Length 4.2 mm.
Distribution—N.S.W.: Swamps near Sydney, Denham Court, Campbell- town, Clyde; Victoria; New Zealand.
Genus SCAPHOLEBERIS Schoedler, 1858.
Female. Carapace with the posterior and ventral margins straight, the latter produced into two backwardly-directed spines. Body not compressed. Head small, marked off from the thorax by a deep cervical sinus. Carapace reticulated. One egg in the ephippiun.
Male. Very similar to the female. First foot provided with a hook.
Thirteen species have been described, one of which is represented in New South Wales.
SCAPHOLEBERIS KINGI Sars (Plate iv., fig. 3).
Recorded by King (1852, p. 255) as Daphnia mucronata; recognised as a new species and described by Sars in 1903.
Female. Carapace, seen laterally, somewhat quadrangular in outline; dorsal edge arched, ventral edges almost straight, each produced posteriorly into a pointed projection. Head comparatively small. Surface of the carapace marked by an irregular reticulation, the transverse ridges being prominent and running parallel to the posterior edges. Hye large, with conspicuous lenses, ocellus small, situated near the top of the rostrum. Post-abdomen short, bearing only four pairs of anal denticles; end-claws of moderate length, smooth. Colour dark grey, sometimes nearly black. Length, female .8 mm., male 45 mm.
This species swims close to the surface of the water, usually upon its back. Its movements are very active.
Distribution —N.S.W.: Moore Park, Manly, Parramatta, Kendall: Vietoria; Sumatra; Siam; India; South Africa.
Genus StMOCEPHALUS Schoedler, 1858.
Female. Carapace large and broad with rounded angles. Head small, ros- trum blunt. Eye of moderate size, ocellus present, sometimes elongated. Anten- nules short. Carapace marked by transverse striations, the striae anastomosing irregularly. Post-abdomen large. Ephippium triangular, containing one egg.
Male. Smaller than the female. Antennules with two lateral sense hairs. First pair of feet without a flagellum and with a small claw.
The members of this genus are not very active and will remain fixed to the same spot for a long time. They swim on their backs making short trips through the water at a uniform speed. Twenty species have been described, and five of these are included in the New South Wales fauna.
Key to species of Simocephalus. A. Ocellus punctiform. B. Posterior prominence obtuse. C. Forehead rounded .. aR ey aielihisl si ttey epee Nera australiensis. CC. Forehead with a pointed projection .. .. .. .. .... acutirostratus. BB. Posterior prominence pointed .. AA. Ocellus elongated. B, Body symmetrical .. Ihtctes adver RUIN ain BB. Body asymmetrically produced .. ..
theringi.
ehizabethae. gibbosus.
BY MARGUERITE HENRY. 31
SIMOCEPHALUS AUSTRALIENSIS (Dana). (Plate v., figs. 1-le.).
Very briefly described by Dana (1853, p. 1271); detailed description pub- lished by Sars in 1888.
Iremale. Carapace, seen laterally, rhomboidal in outline, with the length greater than the height; dorsal edge slightly arched, ventral edges bulging an- teriorly; posterior prominence broad and obtuse. Head small, ventral edge nearly straight. Carapace obliquely striated. Hye of moderate size, ocellus very small, punctiform. Post-abdomen broad, armed with nine anal denticles which inerease in size distally; end-claws long, slightly eurved and armed with a series of spinules. Colour yellowish-brown. Length 2 mm.
This species has a wide distribution in New South Wales, and usually occurs in large numbers.
Distribution —N.S.W.: Clyde, Parramatta, Five Dock, University Pond, Botany, Maroubra, Manly, Holbrook, Moss Vale, Kendall, Bangalow. Dana found it in “fresh water ponds near Sydney.’ It also occurs in Queensland, South Australia, and South Africa.
SIMOCEPHALUS ELIZABETHAE (King). (Plate v., figs. 2-2a.).
Deseribed by King (1852) as Daphnia elizabethae and more fully described by Sars in 1888.
Female. Carapace, seen laterally, irregularly oval, broadening posteriorly and terminating in an obtuse median prominence which is more distinct than in the preceding species. Head somewhat triangular, with the ventral edge con- eave. Hye of moderate size, ocellus in the form of a black stripe running obliquely towards the rostrum. Carapace obliquely striated, posterior part of the dorsal edge denticulate, the denticles continuing round the posterior pro- minence. Fost-abdomen with the supra-anal angle projecting and denticulate; end-claws smooth; about six anal denticles present. Colour pale brown. Length 1.5 mm.
King gives the following localities in New South Wales:—Newtown, Parra- matta, Stroud and’ Port Stephens, but it is possible that some of these may refer to the preceding species which he did not recognise as distinct. This species is, however, widely distributed throughout the State, having been collected at Cen- tennial Park, University Pond, Botany, Moss Vale, Holbrook, and Mudgee. It has also been recorded from Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Sumatra, Java, Siam, India, and Ceylon.
SIMOCEPHALUS ACUTIROSTRATUS (King). (Plate v., figs. 4+4a.).
First mentioned by King (1852, p. 254) as a variety of the preceding species, Daphnia elizabethae var. acutirostrata. In 1877 Schoedler pointed out that it was specifically distinct and it was described by Sars in 1896.
Female. Carapace, seen laterally, oval in outline; dorsal and ventral mar- gins evenly curved, the latter bulging somewhat anteriorly; posterior prominence obtuse, produced, situated above the longitudinal axis of the body. Head small, with the front produced into an acute projection, ventral edge straight. Cara- pace marked by oblique striations, posterior prominence bearing a few denticles. Eye comparatively small, ocellus small, punctiform. Post-abdomen very broad; the posterior edge forming an expansion in front of the anal sinus; twelve anal denticles present; end-claws bearing a series of spinules. Colour pale brown.
This is by far the largest species of Simocephalus found in Australia; the average length is about 3.3 mm. but specimens have been examined which were 4 mm., the very largest attaining the length of 4.2 mm.
32 FRESHWATER ENTOMOSTRACA OF N.S.W. 1. CLADOCERA,
Distribution—N.S.W.: Denham Court, ‘water holes off Bourke St.,’ Hol- brook, Casino; also occurs in Victoria. It has not been recorded outside Aus- tralia.
SIMOCEPHALUS GIBBOSUS Sars. (Plate v., figs. 3-3a.).
First deseribed by Sars in 1896 from specimens collected at Centennial Park.
Female. Carapace, seen laterally, like a rounded triangle; dorsal margin fairly straight, abruptly curved posteriorly, forming an asymmetrical expansion. Posterior prominence distinct, obtuse. Head of moderate size, dorsal margin evenly curved, ventral slightly convex. Hye of moderate size, ocellus prolonged into a stripe. Carapace obliquely striated, both the expansion and the posterior prominence denticulate. Post-abdomen not very broad, armed with twelve anal denticles which increase in size distally. Length 2 mm.
Distribution —This species has only been found at Centennial Park and Botany in N.S.W.; Searle records its presence in Victoria.
SIMOCEPHALUS sp.
A single specimen of Simocephalus was present in a collection of Entomos- traca taken at Byron Bay. Unfortunately this specimen is imperfect and there- fore cannot be exactly identified; it is, however, obviously distinct from the four preceding species, and bears a decided resemblance to the South American form Simocephalus iheringi Richard (1897, p. 279). The chief feature of resemblance is the acutely-pointed posterior prominence.
Genus CERIODAPHNIA Dana, 1853.
Valves of the carapace ending in a posterior angle or a short spine. Head small and depressed, separated from the thorax by a deep cervical groove. Cara- pace marked by a polygonal pattern. Antennules in the female not freely mov- able. Ocellus always present. Ephippium triangular, containing one egg. About thirty-eight species have been described from different parts of the world; three of these are found in New South Wales.
Key to species of Ceriodaphnia.
A. Head bearing one or two pointed projections .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. cornuta.
AA. Head without projection’. B. Postervorispimeslomeyy ry mercies neieys erst sli yiese sees eteiiteren deteymmeyienaitsh st eecpomey in msS/10 270 CLUS BB Posterion spimeyshort ier cree. aio ays. ses) eles reece eae erates traces aras honorata.
CERIODAPHNIA CORNUTA Sars. (Plate iv., fig. 4).
Deseribed by Sars (1885) from a single specimen reared from dried mud which had been collected from the Gracemere Lagoon, near Rockhampton.
Female. Carapace, seen laterally, oval in outline, upper and lower margins of the valves slightly arched, posterior part produced as a short spiny process. Head depressed, with the frontal part jutting out into two acute prominences, the upper as a prolongation of the front, the lower taking the place of a rostrum. Seulpture of the whole carapace a conspicuous network; free edges of the valves devoid of hairs or spines. Eye of moderate size, ocellus very small, punctiform. Antennules small, with a seta situated in the middle of the posterior margin. Post-abdomen with two dorsal processes, armed with 6-8 anal denticles; end- elaws smooth. Length .6 mm.
Distribution.—This species has not hitherto been recorded from N.S.W. It
8Y MARGUERITE HENRY. 33
was obtained from the Lane Cove River near Gordon, trom Kendall and Corowa. It also oceurs in Queensland, Ceylon, New. Guinea and Java.
There has been a controversy as to whether the forms Ceriodaphnia rigaudi Richard and C. cornuta Sars are specifically distinet. Daday (1898) united them on the grounds that he had found an intermediate series of forms. Stingeiin (1904) maintained that they were distinct species. Daday in 1910 reasserted his view and again mentioned finding intermediate forms. Delachaux (1917, p. 81) examined specimens collected in the neighbourhood of Lake Victoria Nyanza, and noted that all those which had two spines on the head had also a double posterior spine. He also pointed out differences in the structure of the ventral edges of the carapace and in its seculpture-—‘Tandis que chez les premiers (C. cornuta) ces bords sont munis d’écailles ou de dents découpées en scies, chez les seconds (C. rigaudi) ces écailles présentent un bord & peu prés droit. Chez la forme cornue du reste, toute la structure des téguments parait plus fortement développée, le réseau hexagonal de la carapace est mieux marqué et fortement en relief.” Sars (1901) mentioned this difference in sculpture and also the fact that a form of C. rigaudi did exist with two spines on the head. This species was never very plentiful in the collections. About a dozen specimens were found that were normal for C. cornuta, but there were some in which the spine taking the place of the rostrum was present alone, but in which there were two distinct points at the posterior end of the carapace; about ten specimens were typical of C. rigaudi; there were none which bore two head spines and a single posterior spine. In regard to the markings of the carapace edges as observed by Delachaux, the majority of the typical C. cornuta forms had the saw-like markings, but some had not, and these forms had a weaker reticulate sculpturing. It is noteworthy that the two forms were always taken together. It would ap- pear from these examples that the species are not distinct but that C. cornuta is very variable. Delachaux points out that the characters by which he distin- guishes them are subject to variation. In two of the specimens examined a short spine was present immediately in front of the cervical sinus.
CERIODAPHNIA SPINATA Henry. (Plate iv., fig. 5.). Proe. Roy. Soe. N.S.W., lii., 1918 (1919), p. 466. Distribution._N.S.W.: Holbrook, Corowa. CERIODAPHNIA HONORATA (King).
King (1852, p. 249) described and figured this form under the name of Daphnia honorata. It is undoubtedly not a member of the genus Daphnia but belongs to Ceriodaphnia. As I have not been able to obtain a specimen I quote King’s original description.
“Carapace oblong, dorsal margin often concave, the surface reticulated in an irregular pentagonal manner. The spine at the extremity is very short. An- tennules large. Antennae also large, basilar joint having a crenation carrying two setae. The first joint of the posterior branch is as long as the remaining two and as long also as the first three of the anterior branch. Setae not plumose.”
Locality —Varroville near Campbelltown.
Both King and Sars pointed out that this species is most nearly related to Ceriodaphnia reticulata (Jurine) though distinct. It is also distinct from the two preceding species.
34 FRESHWATER ENTOMOSTRACA OF N.S.W. 1. CLADOCERA,
Genus Mornopapuntia Herrick, 1887. (Syn. Paramoina Sars.).
Body compressed, valves elliptical, crested dorsally; cervical sinus distinct, dorsal and ventral margins forming a sharp angle posteriorly. Carapace marked by oblique striae. Antennules attached on the ventral surface of the head, with a sense hair situated about the middle of each. Ocellus present. One large abdominal process. Post-abdomen slender, resembling the genus Moina. Only two certain species are known, one of which is represented in N.S.W.
MornopAPHNIA MACLEAYII (King). (Plate iv., fig. 6.). Syn. Moinodaphnia macquerysi Richard; Moina submucronata Brady.
First described by King (1852, p. 251) as Moina macleayii; fully described by Sars in 1901.
Female. Carapace, seen laterally, rounded oval, dorsal margin strongly curved posteriorly, ventral evenly curved, the junction forming a sharp angle. Sculpture of the carapace consisting of very fine oblique striae, free edges armed with tiny denticles. Dorsal margin of the head arched, ventral almost straight, with a small prominence as a rudiment of the rostrum. Eye of moderate size, ocellus small, situated close behind. Post-abdomen slender, bearing ten laterally situated anal denticles; end-claws of moderate size. Length 1 mm.
Distribution —This is a rare species in N.S.W.; it has only been obtained from Elizabeth Bay and Byron Bay. It occurs in New Guinea, Sumatra, Siam, Ceylon, Congo, North and South America.
Genus Moin a Baird, 1856.
Body thick and heavy. Carapace without a spine, not completely covering the body, cervical sinus present. Rostrum absent. Antennules long and mobile, modified in the male to form clasping organs. Carapace valves obscurely re- tieulated. Abdominal process represented by a horseshoe-shaped fold. Post- abdomen bearing ciliated spines and a bident. Ephippium oval, containing one or two eggs. Over twenty different species have been described; some of these resemble one another closely and are often difficult to determine males males and ephippial females are present. Three species oecur in N.S.W.
Key to species of Moina.
A. Head with a sinus above the eye.
BYE phippium iwithetwOregesy ei encel enc ar nti en-lsiiel sieve rsmm CLUS Un GLUCIStSs BB. Ephippium with ONLCR ES Oe ees Ar iciton oc Lodo bo) eaioeos oA propinqua. AA. Head without a sinus above the eye .. .. .. .. -. «se. +s +s «+ benuicornis.
MoInA AUSTRALIENSIS Sars.
Described by Sars in 1896 and fully figured (Plate 3, figs. 1-2).
Female. Carapace rounded, varying in shape according to the condition of the matrix. Head of moderate size, slightly depressed, with a distinct sinus above the eye, ventral edge slightly convex at the insertion of the antennules. Eye of moderate size. Antennules short. Post-abdomen tapering distally, 10-12 anal spines which are ciliated on both edges, last spine two-pronged; end-claws smooth. Two eges in the ephippium. Length up to 1.4 mm.
Male. Head comparatively larger and less strongly arched above, ventral edge straight, antennules armed at the tip with claws. First pair of legs pro- vided with a claw as well as a curved spine and a long seta. Length up to .85 mm.
BY MARGUERITE HENRY. ai
Distribution—In N.S.W., this species has only been found in the neighbour- hood of Sydney, Kensington, the Waterloo swamps and ponds near Bourke St. and Botany Rd. It also oceurs in Victoria.
MoINA TENUICORNIS Sars.
Described by Sars in the same paper as the preceding species (1896, Plate 4, figs. 1-8).
Female. The general shape of the carapace is very like that of M. austra- liensis. The head differs in that it lacks the sinus above the eye and has a rounded prominence at the insertion of the antennules. Eye larger than in J. australiensis, antennules longer and narrower. Post-abdomen as in WM. austra- liensis except that the end-claws are armed with a series of secondary teeth. Two eges are found in the ephippium. Length 1.2 mm.
Male. Very lke M. australiensis, the antennules much longer, exceed- ing half the length of the body. Length .7 mm.
Distribution —N.S.W.: Bourke St., Botany, University Pond, Corowa. It has also been recorded from Victoria and South Africa.
MoINA PROPINQUA Sars.
Deseribed by Sars (1885) from specimens raised from dried mud from the Gracemere Lagoon, near Rockhampton.
Female. Carapace rounded, sometimes very greatly expanded dorsally. Head with the dorsal margin slightly concave above the eye, front rounded, ventral margin straight. Eye of moderate size. Antennules short, fusiform, with a long tentacular seta situated above the middle. Post-abdomen with nine lateral denticles, the last as usual bidentate; end-claws smooth. Ephippium with a single egg. Length about 1 mm.
Male. Antennules very long, about the length of the head, each bearing 3 ineurved hooks. Length .6 mm.
Distribution—N.S.W.: Bourke St., Botany; Queensland: Rockhampton; Java, Algeria.
Family MACROTHRICIDAE (Lyncodaphniidae).
Antennules in the female long and freely movable. Ocellus present. Four to six pairs of feet. Intestine simple or convoluted.
Key to genera of Macrothricidae.
IN. Bibs joeMR Wl U8 og Yo gS. ab ad) do10d Who) HOME E GEOR Ge eal ed) ou osisaul AA ae yan ie AA. Five pairs of feet. Beyanaladenticlesepresen tay mrcwteret-uilers) eel ial cic) aie) steele Mele eee MLO CTOLIUTIE: BBwAnaledenticlesvabsentimesmet imma velsiesial i 2/dissey Cerone aeretters Pseudomoina-
Genus MacrotTuRix Baird, 1843.
Female. Shape oval, compressed, with a dorsal crest. Head large, rostrum short. Eye large, ocellus present. Antennules flattened and curved, antennae with four setae on the dorsal ramus, five on the ventral. Post-abdomen large, no abdominal process. Five pairs of feet. Intestine simple, no caeca.
Male. Antennules large, first foot bearing a hook. About thirty species of this genus have been described; two occur in New South Wales.
36 FRESHWATER ENTOMOSTRACA OF N.S.W. i. CLADOCERA,
Key to species of Macrothrix.
AME p-plate alowed yeaytecsrsisilc sy sue oenete METS ne cal ean ete La) eer ee aE actos triserialis. AA. Lip-plate not lobed. B. Head finely serrate ..
S80: 00. ‘dd: DO. baIBe bo Spinosa. BB. Head bearing teeth .. ..
- var. dentata.
Macrorurix sprnosa King.
First described by King (1852, p. 256). Redeseribed and figured in detail by Sars (1888, Plate 3, figs. 1-6).
Female. Carapace, seen laterally, oval in outline; dorsal margin arched, especially posteriorly, ventral curved, ascending to form with the dorsal a shght obtuse prominence. Head large, fairly erect, rostral prominence slight. Cara- pace marked by a faint reticulation, dorsal margin quite smooth, ventral edges serrate, armed with slender spines. Eye large, ocellus small, quadrangular. An- tennules curved, with notches along the anterior edges. Post-abdomen compara- tively small, bilobed, armed with a row of small but strong anal denticles; end- claws very small. Length .6 mm.
Male. Smaller than the female. Antennules larger and not so curved. First pair of legs as usual armed with a curved hook.
Playfair (1914, p. 140) notes that in specimens collected at Lismore the dorsal edge of the carapace is minutely serrate, and points out that this is the main character by which Sars distinguishes this species from Macrothrix lati- cornis (Jurine). An important difference between the two species, however, is that M. spinosa has a bilobed post-abdomen, and M. laticornis has not.
Distribution.—This species has a wide distribution in New South Wales (Centennial Park, Five Dock, Liverpool, Casino, Lismore, Holbrook and Corowa). It also oceurs in Queensland, Hawaii, Sumatra, Java, Siam, Singapore, South America and South Africa.
Var. DenTATA Playfair, 1914 (p. 141, Plate 8, fig. 2).
Head without hairs but minutely serrate; furnished on the front and dor- sally with teeth not spines.
Locality —Lismore.
MACROTHRIX 'TRISERIALIS Brady.
Brady first deseribed this species (1886, p. 295) from specimens collected in Ceylon. A more detailed description was published by Daday in 1898 (p. 51, fig. 24).
Female. Carapace, seen laterally, somewhat oval in shape, broader an- teriorly than posteriorly; dorsal margin slightly arched, ventral more strongly arched and protuberant in the middle, forming a sharp angle and a produced point posteriorly. Head moderately arched, produced below into a small tri- angular rostrum. Eye large, with conspicuous crystalline lenses; ocellus very small, square, situated near the end of the rostrum. Antennules slightly curved, their anterior margins serrate. Lip-plate large, bearing four sets of small bristles, the ventral edge produced and bilobed. Surface of the carapace marked by an irregular reticulation and also by tiny pits; dorsal margin serrate, ventral bearing a series of small teeth arranged in groups of three, between which are slender bristles. Post-abdomen moderately broad, bilobed, the first lobe bearing eight denticles, the second with about twenty denticles, which increase in size posteriorly; end-claws short, curved; fine lateral spinules also present. Length 1 mm. Colour pale yellow.
BY MARGUERITE HENRY. 37
Distribution—tThis species is here recorded in Australia for the first time; it has only been obtained from Casino, N.S.W. It also oceurs in Ceylon and South America.
Genus PSEUDOMOINA Sars, 1912.
Carapace of irregular oval form with the valves well developed and~ com- pletely enclosmg the body. Head defined by a well marked cervical sinus. Labrum bearing a slender digitiform process. Ocellus present. Antennules slender, straight. Hach ramus of the antennae bears five setae. Five pairs of legs. Post-abdomen devoid of anal denticles; end-claws strong. Intestine straight, ecaeca absent. Only one species known.
PsEUDOMOINA LEMNAE (Wing).
First described by King (1852, p. 250) as Moina lemnae. Sars redescribed it and proposed a new genus in 1912 (Plate 10, figs. 1-16).
Female. Carapace, seen laterally, somewhat oval; dorsal margin almost straight, ventral edges curved, thickly clothed with long setae, posterior edges narrowly rounded, partly clothed with setae, the last six or seven of which are long and spreading. Head rounded in front, rostrum very slight. Eye large, ocellus very small. Antennules narrow, elongated, bearing short bristles through- out their length. Upper ramus of the antennae composed of four segments, the first of which is very small. Process of the labrum slender, recurved, bearing bristles on the anterior edge. Surface of the carapace perfectly smooth. Post- abdomen bearing slender spines on the supra-anal margin; end-claws strong, curved, a secondary denticle at the base of each. Length 1.2 mm.
Male. Smaller than the female. Antennules comparatively longer; first pair of legs armed with a claw.
Distribution—N.S.W.: Cook’s River, Holbrook, Kendall; Victoria.
Genus InyocryPpTuUS Sars, 1861.
General form oval-triangular, dorsal erest of valves absent or small. An- tennules long, 2-jointed, freely movable. Antennae short, with powerful setae. Eye small but larger than the ocellus.. Six pairs of feet. Post-abdomen very large, with long spines; end-claws with two basal spines.
Male. Warger antennules than the female, no hook present on the first foot.
Unlike the other members of the Cladocera the old shells of most species are not cast off in moulting but persist, one overlying the other. The members of this genus are not strong swimmers, and are usually found in the bottom mud, their shells covered with debris and vegetable growth.. Seven species are known, two of which are present in New South Wales.
Key to species of Uyoeryptus.
AupAntennacwlarcemandspowertullpege aera s aellics ast) 1 sel eemel «| eileen SUNT fer. IN ABEAT ten nae asin al lms mie meee meen oleae ty fo) soo say ares un ape salar. n su OSO TALUS:
Inyocryprus sprnirer Herrick. (Plate vi., figs. 1-la.). (Syn. I. halyi Brady; I. longiremus Sars.).
This species was first described by Herrick in 1884.
Female. Carapace, seen laterally, triangular, much wider posteriorly; ven- tral and posterior edges of the valves passing into each other with an even curve, dorsal and posterior edges forming an obtuse angle. In old specimens the cara-
38 FRESHWATER ENTOMOSTRACA OF N.S.W. 1. CLADOCERA,
pace is marked by numerous concentric lines of growth caused by imperfect moulting. Free edges of the valves fringed with long ciliated setae. Head small, terminating in a sharp corner anteriorly. Eye distant from the front, ocellus much smaller than the eye, situated close to it. Antennules long and narrow. Antennae very powerful, more elongated than is usual for the genus, setae. very long and not ciliated. Post-abdomen large, plate-like, dorsal edge sinuated above the middle, bearing small marginal denticles, pre-anal portion also bearing 5-8 lateral spines and the post-anal 4-8 spines; end-claws long, with two small hair-like denticles at the base. Colour orange. Length up to 1.5 mm.
Male. Eye comparatively larger than in the female. Antennules dilated in the middle, bearing a slender bristle. This species can swim, but usually drags itself along the mud.
Distribution.—N.S8.W.: Centennial Park, University Pond, Lane Cove, Ken- dall, Casino; Queensland, Sumatra, Celebes, India, Ceylon, East Africa, North and South America.
Inyocryprus sorpipus (Liévin).
First deseribed by Liévin (1848, p. 34) as Acanthocercus sordidus. Sars recorded its presence in New South Wales in 1896 (Plate 5, figs. 1-3).
Female. Carapace, seen laterally, lke a rounded triangle expanding pos- teriorly; posterior and ventral margins of equal length, passing into each other by a very strong curvature, margins fringed with ciliated setae; dorsal margin very slightly arched. Head comparatively small, seen laterally, triangular in form, fornix prominent. Eye distant from the front, ocellus smaller than the eye and situated near the base of the antennule. Antennules with the proximal joint very small, distal long and slender. Antennae short and thick, not nearly as powerful as in the preceding species. Post-abdomen large, conically produced at the tip, bearing a marginal row of small denticles, 10-14 pre-anal spines, 8-10 post-anal; end-claws long and slender, each with two secondary denticles. Colour red. Length 1 mm. :
Male. Much smaller than the female, only attaining a length of .4 mm. This species appears to be devoid of swimming powers.
Distribution—N.S.W.: Ponds off Botany Rd. and Bourke St., Maroubra. It ocew's in Victoria, Sumatra, China, South Africa, North and South America, Europe. Of world-wide occurrence, it is much rarer in New South Wales than I. spinifer.
Family CHYDORIDAE $ (Lynaeidae).
Fornices extended, uniting with the rostrum to form a beak. Antennae with both rami three segmented. Five to six equidistant pairs of feet. One or two summer eggs. Intestine convoluted.
Key to genera of Chydoridae.
A. Head crested B. Post-abdomen bearing marginal denticles .. .. .. .. .. .. Camptocercus. BB Marginalipdenticlestabsemtmumseieisyns la) sii y stare ceria sah elemmeCiONE TILSs AA. Head not crested. B. End-claws of post-abdomen with one basal spine. C. Carapace compressed. D. Rostrum pointed. E. Anal denticles minute .. ..°.. .. Alonella (most species). EE. HA 5 SLOUO ME) sa eeay hen cethetel Meat eum n etme elu MeALOLOs
1c)
BY MARGUERITE HENRY. 39
DD. Rostrum broad semicircular .. .. .. .. .. .. .. » Graptoleberis.
CC. Carapace valves thick, gaping below .. .. .. .. .. .. . Dunhevedia. BB. End=claws with two basal spines.
C. Infero-posteal corner rounded off, usually unarmed .. a Chydorus.
CC. Infero-posteal corner distinct, usually armed. T). Posterior margin entire Aer cece VSR EID i eeae tant Pleuroxus. IDB) excised .. .. .- .. -. -. Alonella (some species).
Genus CAMPTOCERCUS Baird, 1843.
Body laterally compressed, head and valves carinate. Infero-posteal angle often toothed. Eye distant from the anterior cephalic margin. Antennae with seven swimming hairs. Carapace longitudinally striated. Fost-abdomen more than half as long as the carapace, bearing marginal denticles only; end-claws with one basal spine and bearing a series of secondary denticles ending in a spine half way along the claw. Twelve species are known, one of which occurs in New South Wales.
CAMPTOCERCUS AUSTRALIS Sars. (Plate vi., figs. 3-3a.).
Described by Sars in 1896 from a single specimen taken at Centennial Park.
Female. Carapace, seen laterally, of oval form, greatest height in front of the middle; dorsal and ventral edges evenly arehed, posterior edges rounded. Head large, crested, ending in a blunt rostrum. Eye of moderate size, ocellus smaller, slightly closer to the eye than to the rostral tip. Surface of the cara- pace longitudinally striated. Infero-posteal corners unarmed. — Post-abdomen slender, long; about twenty marginal denticles present; end-claws long and straight, a basal spine present and another spine half way along the claw. Length of mam.
Distribution —N.S.W.: Centennial Park, Kendall, Port Stephens. It is also recorded from Victoria, Sumatra, India, South America.
Genus AcROPERUS Baird, 1843.
Body compressed, head and valves earinate. Infero-posteal angle rounded or acute, usually with teeth. Antennae with eight swimming hairs. Carapace obliquely striated. Post-abdomen without marginal denticles; end-claws as in Camptocercus. Large intestinal caecum. Nine species known, two among the New South Wales fauna.
Key to species of Acroperus. q Pp t
AS infero-posteal.cornenr unarmed ey tgs celle: 4b nl el ele eel S29RbaeUES: AA. Inféro-posteal corner bearing two teeth’... .. .. 2.0.2.0) ee ce ne avirostris.
ACROPERUS AvIROStRIS Henry. (Plate vi. figs. 2-2a.). Proe. Roy. Soe. N.S.W., lii., 1918 (1919), p. 469. Distribution—N.S.W.: Port Stephens, Kendall, Cumbalum. ACROPERUS sINUATUS Henry. Proce. Roy. Soc. N.S.W., lit, 1918 (1919), p. 471, Pl. x1, figs. 5, 6. Distribution —N.S.W.: Kendall, Lorne.
40 FRESHWATER ENTOMOSTRACA OF N.S.W. 1. CLADOCERA,
Genus ALoNnaA Baird, 1850.
Body more or less compressed, in lateral view oval-triangular or oval-rect- angular with rounded posterior angles. Head not carinate. Process of the upper lip often large, rounded. Antennules short and thick. Antennae short, the inner ramus with 4 or 5 swimming bristles. Five to six pairs of legs, the sixth, if present, rudimentary. Post-abdomen compressed, armature varied, usually both marginal denticles and lateral combs present; end-claws with one basal spine. Over seventy species have been described from all parts of the World, eleven of which are included in the fauna of New South Wales.
Key to species of Alona.
A. Length exceeding 6 mm.
Bo Carapacessmoothi eyes elt cries cre longirostris. BB. Carapace longitudinally striated. Ca Dwelvetanaledenticles: S225 s-, cam ee eee men enaallenstss CC. Fifteen anal denticles. D. Post-abdomen of uniform width .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. affimis. DD. Post-abdomen widening distally .. .. .. .. .. .. .. whiteleggii. AA. Length not attaining .6 mm. B. Lateral fascicles absent. CyOcellusmequalltins sizestombhesey.elnai vescl sc anctome ulin Camere clathrata. CC. Ocellus much smaller than the eye. D.. Supra-anal angle very distinct .. ..... .. .. .... .- a@bbreviata. DD. Supra-anal angle not distinct .. .. .. .. ..... .. .. . microtata- BB. Lateral fascicles present. C. Fascicles long, extending beyond the dorsal margin .. .. camboui. CC. Fascicles short. D. Post-abdomen long and slender .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .- wallaciana. DD. Post-abdomen short and stout. IbaCarapacemstriated tcmi.c5 cacuece eee eer pulchella. HE a Carapacesmoothy sia. crue see tonnes sia sic), ban Leas Sts
ALONA AFFINIS (Leydig). (Plate vii., figs. 2-2a.). (Syn. Lynceus quadrangularis Fischer, not Muller; Alona oblonga P. E. Muller.)
Described by Leydig in 1860 (p. 223) as Lynceus affinis.
Female. Carapace, seen laterally, oval in outline, dorsal margin arched, curving abruptly downwards posteriorly so that the greatest height is about the middle. Ventral edges slightly curved, posterior edges obliquely truncated. Head slightly depressed, rostral end pointing obliquely forwards. Eye large, ocellus smaller, situated about twice as far from the rostral tip as from the eye. Sur- face of the carapace marked by longitudinal striations whieh are not very con- spicuous, sometimes a faint reticulation. Post-abdomen strongly built, of uni- form breadth throughout; 13-15 serrated anal denticles; lateral combs present; end-claws strong, each armed with a secondary denticle at the base; both end- claws and dentieles bearing spinules. Colour yellowish-brown, sometimes with a greenish tinge. Length 1 mm.
Distribution—This is a very cosmopolitan species. N.S.W.: Centennial Park, Lett River, Kendall, Byron Bay; Europe, Asia, North and South America, Africa, Greenland, Siberia.
ALONA WHITELEGGII Sars. (Plate viii., figs. 1-la.).
Described by Sars (1896) from a single specimen obtained at Centennial Park, Sydney.
BY MARGUERITE HENRY. 41
I’emale. Carapace, seen laterally, oval triangular, slightly widening pos- teriorly; dorsal margin evenly arched, ventral almost straight, posterior angles rounded off. Head bent forward, rostrum acute. Sculpture of the carapace consists of longitudinal striae, ventral edges bearing a thick row of setae. Eye of moderate size, ocellus very slightly smaller and situated closer to the eye than to the tip of the rostrum. Post-abdomen strongly built, slightly widening distally, supra-anal angle not prominent, 15 denticles present on the infra-anal margin, also 15 lateral combs. End-claws long, each with a strong secondary denticle at the base. Length .63 mm.
Distribution.—Centennial Park, Kendall. This species has not as yet been recorded outside N.S.W.
ALONA KENDALLENSIS Henry. (Plate viii., fig. 7.). Proc. Roy. Soc. N.S.W., li., 1918 (1919), p. 474. Distribution. N.S.W.: Kendall. ALONA LONGIROSTRIS Henry. Proce. Roy. Soe. N.S.W., li., 1918 (1919), p. 475, Pl. xli., figs. 11-12. Distribution —_N.S.W.: Byron Bay, Centennial Park. ALONA CLATHRATA Sars.
Deseribed by Sars (1888, Plate 6, figs. 7-10) from specimens raised from dried mud collected at the Gracemere Lagoon, near Rockhampton.
Female. Carapace, seen laterally, short, rounded, quadrangular; dorsal mar- gin strongly arched in the middle, ventral fairly straight, ascending anteriorly, posterior edge truncated, with the upper angle distinct, the lower rounded. Ros- trum elongated, acute. Ocellus about the same size as the eye and situated closer to it than to the tip of the rostrum. Antennules long, slender, the terminal papillae reaching beyond the rostral tip. Surface of the carapace marked by a regular reticulation. Post-abdomen short and broad, truncated, bearing small strong anal denticles; lateral combs absent; end-claws short, secondary spines very minute. Colour pale yellow. Length .38 mm.
Distribution —N.S.W.: Lismore, Byron Bay; Queensland.
ALONA MICROTATA, n.sp. (Plate viii., figs. 44a.).
Female. Carapace, seen laterally, truneated oval in shape; dorsal margin boldly arched, ventral arched anteriorly, then curving upwards to join the ecom- paratively short posterior edges which are almost straight. Head broad, ter- minating in an elongated rostrum which reaches below the ventral edges of the valves. Eye large, ocellus very much smaller and situated closer to the eye than to the tip of the rostrum. Antennules long and slender, not reaching the tip of the rostrum. Antennae short, bearing comparatively long swimming’ bristles. Lip-plate large, margin smooth. Surface of the carapace marked by a distinct reticulation in the anterior portion, posteriorly very weak or completely absent. Post-abdomen strongly built, broadening distally, the corner opposite the end- claws projecting, supra-anal angle not very distinct; nine marginal denticles present, rapidly inereasing in size distally, lateral fascicles absent; end-claws very long, with a small secondary spine at the base of each. Colour very pale yellow. Length .28 mm.
Distribution. Orange.
This very minute form somewhat resembles Alona abbreviata in its general
42 FRESHWATER ENTOMOSTRACA OF N.S.W. 1. CLADOCERA,
appearance, but it differs greatly in the form and armature of the post-abdomen and the sculpture of the carapace.
ALONA CAMBOUII Guerne & Richard. (Plate viii., fig. 5).
Deseribed by Guerne and Richard in 1893 from specimens collected in Mada- gascar.
Female. Carapace, seen laterally, oval in outline; dorsal margin evenly arched, ventral edges almost straight, infero-posteal angle rounded. Head of moderate size, terminating in an obtuse rostrum. Eye of medium size, ocellus much smaller, situated closer to the eye than to the tip of the rostrum. Anten- nules almost reaching the rostral tip, two of the olfactory setae longer than the rest. Lip-plate rounded. Carapace marked by a reticulation or simply pune- tate. Post-abdomen short and broad, of uniform breadth throughout, supra-anal angle very distinct; 8-10 anal denticles, each with a minute accessory spinule, 5-8 lateral fascicles, the longest spine in each passing the dorsal margin; end- claws long, smooth, each provided with a basal spine. Colour yellow. Length 48 mm.
Distribution —N.S.W.: Port Stephens; New Zealand, South America, India, Madagascar, Palestine.
ALONA WALLACIANA Henry. Proce. Roy. Soc. N.S.W., lit., 1918 (1919), p. 472, Pl. xli., figs. 7-8.
Distribution —N.S.W.: Kendall.
ALONA ABBREVIATA Sars. (Plate vii., fig. 8).
Described by Sars in 1896.
Female. Carapace short and stout, somewhat quadrangular in lateral view, the greatest height in front of the middle; dorsal margin curved rather abruptly anteriorly, ventral slightly curved, posterior edges transversely truncated. Head fairly erect, terminating in an acute rostrum. © Eye of moderate size, ocellus smaller, situated closer to the eye than to the rostral tip. Carapace marked by a reticulation in the posterior portion, anteriorly by a series of transverse curved lines: Post-abdomen short and very stout, supra-anal angle prominent; 10 dis- tinct anal denticles, lateral fascicles absent; end-claws moderately strong, each armed with a small basal spine. Length .37 mm. .
Distribution —N.S.W.: Orange, Bathurst, Pond near Bourke St., Sydney.
ALONA PULCHELLA King. (Plate vii, fig. 6).
First described by King (1852, p. 260). Fully deseribed by Sars in 1896.
Carapace, seen laterally, somewhat oval in outline, not widening posteriorly, dorsal margin evenly curved, ventral almost straight, posterior edges oblique. Head fairly erect, rostrum acute. Carapace striated longitudinally, striations faint. Eye of moderate size, ocellus smaller and situated very slightly closer to the eye than to the tip of the rostrum. Antennules not reaching the rostral tip. Post-abdomen rather short, transversely truncated at the tip, of uniform breadth, end-claws long, each armed with a secondary denticle at the base. About 12 infra-anal denticles and the same number of lateral fascicles. Length .59 mm.
Distribution —N.S:W.: Waterloo Swamps, Varroville, St. Leonards, Hol- brook, Mudgee, Byron Bay; Victoria; South Africa.
ALONA LAEVISSIMA Sars. (Plate vii., figs. 3-3a.). Described by Sars in 1888. Carapace, seen laterally, oval in outline, dorsal margin evenly curved, ven- tral edges straight, posterior edges truncated, upper angle obtuse, lower rounded
BY MARGUERITE HENRY. 43
off. Surface of the valves smooth, no sculpturing present. Bye of moderate size, ocellus very shghtly smaller. Antennules narrow, not quite reaching the rostral tip. Post-abdomen very similar to the preceding species, marginal den- ticles somewhat smaller and lateral combs usually fewer in number. Colour yellow. Length 48 mm.
This species is very closely related to the preceding species, A. pulchella King, the chief differences being the entire lack of markings on the carapace and the slightly different armature of the post-abdomen. It has a wide distri- bution in the country districts of N.S.W., having been eollected at Byron Bay, Kendall, Bathurst, Moss Vale, and Lismore. Sars’ specimens came from Rock- hampton, Queensland.
Genus GRAPTOLEBERIS Sars, 1863.
Female. Head not carinate, rostrum broad, carapace conspicuously reticu- lated, two strong teeth on infero-posteal corner of the valves. Eye much larger than the ocellus. Fost-abdomen nearly triangular, marginal spines small; end- claws with one accessory spine, sometimes wanting. Five pairs of feet.
Male. Smaller than the female, first pair of feet with hooks. Post-abdomen narrow, with a crenulated but unarmed posterior edge. End-claws small, dise- hike.
Only one species is known.
GRAPTOLEBERIS TESTUDINARIA (Fischer). (Plate vi., figs. 5-5a.).
Lynceus testudinarius Fischer (1848, p. 191); Alona testudinarius Schoedeler (1863) ; Lynceus reticulatus Frie (1872).
Female. Carapace, seen laterally, somewhat oval, dorsal margin evenly arched, ventral fairly straight, posterior margins narrow, truncated. Infero- posteal corner armed with two strong teeth. Head large, fornix very broad, forming a semi-circular rostrum covering the antennules and extending down as far as the ventral margins of the valves. Reticulation of the carapace very dis- tinct. Ocellus smaller than the eye, and closer to it than to the tip of the ros- trum. Post-abdomen bent at the sharp pre-anal angle, somewhat triangular in shape. Marginal spines small, end-claws with one small basal spine.
Distribution—This species has only been obtained from two localities in New South Wales, a pond in the University grounds and Moss Vale and in both cases, very few specimens were found. The Moss Vale specimens are distin- guished by a much more erect head than is typical; the rostrum pointing for- wards instead of downwards and not nearly reaching the ventral margins of the valves. The species occurs in Europe, North and South America, Asia, Iceland, Azores.
Genus DUN HEVEDIA King, 1853.
General shape rounded. Valves obscurely reticulated. Rostrum short. Infero-posteal angle rounded with one or two teeth. Post-abdomen with many fine denticles, end-claws short and curved, with one basal spine. Post-abdomen in male armed with fine hairs only. Seven species have been described, two of which are found in New South Wales.
Key to species of Dunhevedia.
AUTSeenttnom above the outline as obovate i 7 s.r Won) ss a a crassa. AA, a a a Mt ui . concave in the middle .. .. .. .... podagra.
44 FRESHWATER ENTOMOSTRACA OF N.S.W. i. CLADOCERA,
DUNHEVEDIA CRASSA King. (Plate vi., figs. 4-4a.).
First described by King (1852, p. 261); redeseribed by Sars in 1888.
Female. Carapace, seen laterally, almost semicircular, dorsal edge boldly arched, ventral almost straight, posterior edge truncated. A denticle present on the infero-posteal corner. Seen from above the carapace appears obovate, not constricted in the middle, posterior part tapering. Head bent down, rostrum acute, curved. Hye large, ocellus much smaller, of irregular shape, situated closer to the eye than to the rostral tip. Post-abdomen with a row of small denticles; end-claws small, curved, with a single denticle at the base of each.
Male. Smaller than the female, with hairs instead of denticles on the post- abdomen.
Distribution—This species has a wide distribution in New South Wales, having been collected at Dunheved, Varroville, Moss Vale, Bathurst, Cumbalum, Mudgee, the University pond. It is recorded from Queensland, South Australia, Java, Siam, Hawaii, India, Ceyion and South Afriea.
DunueEVeDIA popacra King.
Described by King in 1852. I have not been able to obtain this form, so quote King’s original description. It is apparently specifically distinct from the preceding species.
“Antennae with the tuberele near the base very prominent. When seen from the back the outline at the middle is concave. This species is much smaller than Dunhevedia crassa. When a number of them are placed together in a glass of water, they congregate near the surface. The intestine is much convoluted, having in reality two whole turns, although they are not in the same or parallel planes.
Locality.—Parramatta.
Genus Puevroxus Baird, 1848.
Lateral outline of the carapace may be long and comparatively low, or short and highly arched; the posterior margins are short. Infero-posteal corner sharp, usually toothed. Head not carinate, rostrum long and pointed, sometimes bent forward. Lip-plate large. Antennules short, antennae with 8 swimming bristles. Five pairs of legs present. Post-abdomen armed with marginal denticles only; end-claws with two accessory teeth.
About 27 species have been described from all parts of the World; three of them are found in New South Wales.
Key to species of Pleuroxus.
AS Infero-posteal commen unanmedenein| a.) 3. +o elcee cue een aeucien ee inermis. AA. Infero-posteal corner armed. BvEormushortiandehighpemeec ths ics sila yy ENG OTC ONLLECLSS BB yRorm: longyand inarrowaewe revealed, 2 see ene CLUS ET GLESS
PLEUROXUS INERMIS Sars.
Described in 1896 (Plate 5, fig. 8).
Female. Carapace, seen laterally, somewhat rounded, dorsal margin strongly arched, ventral straight posteriorly, bulging anteriorly. Infero-posteal corner rounded off, quite unarmed. Head bent forward, rostrum long and_ pointed. Sculpturing of the carapace lacking, except in the anterior portion, where about ten conspicuous curved striae are present. Ocellus very much smaller than the
BY MARGUERITE HENRY. 45
eye and situated closer to it than to the tip of the rostrum. Post-abdomen com- paratively slender, bearing numerous hair-like marginal denticles; end-claws strong, each with two secondary denticles at the base. Length .6 mm. Colour brown.
Distribution—N.S.W.: Only thus far from loealities near Sydney, Ponds near Lachlan and Bourke Sts., Waterloo Swamps, Botany. Victoria, South Africa, South America, Hungary.
PLEUROXUS RETICULATUS Henry. (Plate vii., figs. 2-2a.). Proce. Roy. Soe. N.S.W., lii., 1918 (1919), p. 478. Distribution —N.S.W.: Port Stephens, Kendall. PLEUROXUS AUSTRALIS, n.sp. (Plate vii., fig. 3).
Iremale. Carapace, seen laterally, comparatively long and low; dorsal mar- gin evenly curved for the greater part of its length, but sloping abruptly down to the posterior margin; ventral edges of the valves slightly convex; posterior edges very short and truncated. The head is small and depressed, terminating in a long acutely-pomted rostrum which projects slightly beyond the ventral margins of the carapace. The eye is large, the ocellus smaller, and situated more than twice as far from the tip of the rostrum as from the eye. The sur- tace of the carapace appears quite smooth, without any reticulation. .The ventral edges are fringed with a row of bristles which are finely ciliated. The infero- posteal angle is an obtuse angle and is armed with 3 or 4 strong teeth. The antennules are short and thick and do not extend to the middle of the rostrum. The post-abdomen is moderately strong, tapering slightly distally, with the corner opposite the end-claws produced forward, although not to the same extent as in the preceding species, supra-anal angle obtuse, 14-16 anal denticles; end- claws long and moderately strong, each bearing two denticles at the base. Colour pale yellow, length .5 mm.
The most nearly related species to this is perhaps the American form Pleuroxus denticulatus Birge, but this species is very distinct from it in the general shape, absence of reticulation and in the armature of the post-abdomen.
Distribution —N.S.W.: Bangalow, Cumbalum.
Genus CuyporwS Leach, 1843.
Female. Body small and spheroidal. Head depressed, rostrum long and acute. Lip-plate moderately large, narrowed posteriorly. Infero-posteal corner usually unarmed. Antennules short and thick. Antennae provided with 7-8 swimming bristles. Post-abdomen short, supra-anal angle prominent; end-claws with two basal spines.
Male. Smaller, rostrum short, antennules thick, first foot with a hook.
Between thirty and forty species have been described from all parts of the World, six of them occurring in New South Wales.
Key to species of Chydorus.
Alinfero-posteal (corner with) ayspinel|is) ss ey is. 2. st Veclpuey ee Sess) MS DUNS. AA. Infero-posteal corner unarmed. BeiPosteabdomenilonewwandyslenceniet sven) else) ever uate eroitel eg) r= globosus. BB. Post-abdomen short and broad. C. Carapace strongly marked with oblique ridges .. .. .. .. .. ° jugosus.
CC. Carapace smooth or weakly reticulated. D. Olfactory setae all terminal. Ewa heanalydenticlesinc) wri cwclisiim concen leur helium erttCulatess EWeibessithanglckanal cemticlesi seule inate s ei rarentate leonardi. DDG Oneroltactony, setavlateraly. sieiiinv miler bas mele ine ttsp seer ovalis.
46 FRESHWATER ENTOMOSTRACA OF N.S.W. 1. CLADOCERA,
CHYDORUS UNISPINUS, n.sp. (Plate vii., figs. 4-4a.).
Female. Carapace, seen laterally, broadly oval; dorsal margin’ strongly arched, ventral also curved, bulging somewhat anteriorly, posterior edges short,. slightly curved. Infero-posteal corner armed with a short backwardly-directea spine. Head of moderate size, terminating in a produced, acutely-pointed ros: trum. Eye of moderate size, ocellus smaller, situated slightly closer to the eye than to the tip of the rostrum. Antennules short, not nearly reaching the tip of the rostrum. Lip-plate long, the margin smooth. Post-abdomen strongly built, anal sinus very distinet; end-claws long, curved, each armed with two unequal- sized basal spines, 12-15 groups of anal denticles. Colour: pale yellow.
This species resembles the barroisi group in that it has a spine on the infero-posteal corner; it differs from all the other members of the group, how- ever, by the lp-plate having a perfectly smooth margin and in the curious arma- ture of the post-abdomen.
Distribution.—N.8.W.: Botany.
CHyboRUS GLOBOSUS Baird. (Plate vii., figs. 6-6a.). (Syn. Chydorus augustus King).
First deseribed by Baird in 1850 (p. 127).
Female. Form almost spherical, without carapace angles. Dorsal and ven- tral margins strongly arched, posterior edges short. Carapace smooth or reticu- lated. Head comparatively large, rostrum produced, acute. Eye large, ocellus much smaller than the eye and situated shghtly nearer to it than to the tip of the rostrum. Antennules very short and thick. Post-abdomen long and slender,. of uniform breadth throughout, supra-anal angle very small; numerous anal den- ticles present; end-claws armed with a series of secondary spinules which be- come hair-like towards the tip, two basal spines of unequal length. Colour vary- ing from yellow to dark brown. Length .8-.9 mm.
Distribution—This large form is very widely distributed in New South Wales: Centennial Park, Botany, Sydney University, Five Dock, Corowa, Banga- low, Lett River. It also occurs in Victoria, India, Europe and North America.
CuypoRUS JUGOSUS, n.sp. (Plate vii, figs. 5-5a.).
Female. Carapace, seen laterally, rounded in outline, dorsal margin very strongly arched, ventral evenly curved, posterior edges very short and almost straight; infero-posteal corner unarmed. Head of moderate size, rostrum pro- duced, acutely-pointed. Eye large; ocellus very slightly smaller, irregular in shape and situated much closer to the eye than to the tip of the rostrum. ' An- tennules tapering at the ends, olfactory setae comparatively long, reaching more than half the length of the rostrum. Lip-plate large, the baeckwardly-directed portion narrowly produced. Ventral margins thickly fringed with long feathered bristles. Surface of the carapace very conspicuously marked with an oblique, rarely branching series of ridges which give the appearance of alternating hght and dark bands. Post-abdomen very strongly built; end-claws long, slightly curved, each with two basal spines which are both comparatively long though unequal; 14-16 anal denticles with small spinules between them. Colour brown. Length .74 mm. :
Distribution.—N.S.W.: Holbrook.
CHypoRUS DENTICULATUS Henry. Proe. Roy. Soc. N.S.W., lii., 1918 (1919), p. 480, Pl. xli., figs. 15, 16. Distribution —N.S.W.: Centennial Park, Sydney University Pond.
BY MARGUERITE HENRY. 47
Cuyporus LEONARDI King.
1
(Syn. C. minor Lilljeborg, C. clelandi Henry).
First deseribed by King in 1852 (p. 258). Figured by Sars in 1896 (Plate v., figs. 4-5).
Female. Carapace rounded, dorsal and ventral margins strongly arched, pos- terior very short. Head somewhat depressed, rostrum long and pointed. Eye of moderate size, ocellus shghtly smaller, situated nearer the eye than the rostral tip. Carapace devoid of sculpturing, ventral margin fringed with bristles. Anten- nules short, olfactory setae terminal. Post-abdomen comparatively wide, supra- anal angle prominent, 8-10 anal denticles, end-claws each with two basal spines. Length .25 mim.
This species is regarded by some authors as identical with C. sphaericus Muller. It is undoubtedly nearly related to this species and should perhaps be classed as a variety. A larger form described as C. clelandi attains a length of over .3 mm., has a pitted carapace, and 12 anal denticles, but in other respects is identical with C. leonardi.
Distribution.—Widely distributed in N.S.W.: St. Leonards, Denham. Court, Waterloo Swamps, Botany, Kendall, Lett River, Holbrook, Cumbalum.. It also oceurs in Europe, Africa, Ceylon, Singapore and South America.
CHYDORUS OVALIS Kurz.
Described in 1874 (p. 79, Plate iii., fig. 2).
Female. Carapace, seen laterally, evenly rounded, posterior part depressed, posterior edges very short. Head not depressed, terminating in a long pointed rostrum. Eye larger than the ocellus, which is nearer to it than to the tip of the rostrum. Antennules short and thick, scarcely reaching the middle of the rostrum, one olfactory seta situated laterally, the others terminal. Post-abdomen short and broad, supra-anal angle projecting, pointed. Twelve to fifteen anal denticles; end-claws moderately large, with two unequal basal spines. Colour yellowish brown. Length .6 mm.
Distribution —N.S.W.: Centennial Park. Europe, North America.
Genus ALONELLA Sars, 1862.
Head not carinate. Valves of the carapace reticulate or striated. Rostrum variable. Infero-posteal angle toothed or smooth. Antennae with 8 swimming hairs. 5 pairs of legs. Post-abdomen large, pre-anal angle usually not pro- minent, lateral spines usually absent, end-claws with one or two basal spines.
This is a somewhat unsatisfactory genus, consisting of forms that are not easily separable and yet differ widely in many points. Some of the species approach the genus Alona and others Pleurorus. About twenty different species have been described, four of which oceur in New South Wales.
Key to species of Alonella.
A. Claws with one basal spine. B. Post-abdomen armed with marginal and lateral denticles.
GUEValWeSiistriate cen eumny mene cnubne MeL e Usui ley lniaen apatite st llnnellnal ania stems sAG (BIOL CC. Valves reticulated.
D. Margin of lip-plate notched .. =. .. .. ........ .. .. duoodonta.
DD. Margin of lip-plate entire .. .. BVAcchseveyt sce yap CLOG LTC LILO.
BB. Post-abdomen with Hanes denticles ai MelidersNi ersuilie/elieelainien LAD RONG:
NAC lawshwathicwonbasalySpinesiecy wiisduie ilies isteee onan ietaislallnetsliletel | stot slelansln (B2CIS Cs
48 FRESHWATER ENTOMOSTRACA OF N.S.W. i. CLADOCERA,
ALONELLA KARUA (King).
First described by King as Alona karua (1852, p. 260). Described by Sars in 1888 (Plate 5, figs. 8-9).
Female. Carapace, seen laterally, somewhat quadrangular, broader anteriorly, posterior edges abruptly truncated. Head depressed, terminating in a sharp rostrum. Ocellus smaller than the eye and situated closer to it than to the tip of the rostrum. Carapace marked with distinct striations. Infero-posteal corner armed with 1-4 small teeth. Antennules slender, conical, not reaching the tip of the rostrum. Post-abdomen dilated distally, apex broadly truncate, anal denticles very small, about 8 lateral fascicles present; end-claws of moderate length, with one minute basal spine. Length .4 mm. 5
Distribution.—N.S.W.: Stroud, Port Stephens. North and South America, South Africa, Sumatra, Java, Singapore, Siam, Cochin China, Ceylon.
ALONELLA DIAPHANA (King). (Plate vu, figs. 1-la.).
First described by King (1852, p. 260) as Alona diaphana.
Female. Carapace, seen laterally, rounded oval, tapering posteriorly, angles all rounded off. Head rather depressed, rostrum obtuse. Carapace_ striated, striae rather close together, curved. Infero-posteal corner unarmed. Eye of moderate size, ocellus smaller than the eye and situated midway between it and the tip of the rostrum. Post-abdomen large, oblong in form, tapering slightly distally, edge armed with small hair-like denticles, supra-anal angle slight; end- claws each with one small basal spine. Length .49 mm.
Distribution—N.S.W.: Sydney, Moss Vale. Queensland, South America.
ALONELLA EXCISA (Tischer).
First described by Fischer as Lynceus eaxcisus (1854, p. 428).
Female. Carapace, seen laterally, roughly oval in outline, dorsal margin evenly arched; ventral straight for the greater part of its length, ascending an- teriorly; posterior narrowly truncated, with the upper and lower corners angular. Head slightly bent down, rostrum of moderate size, sometimes long. Surface of the carapace marked by a conspicuous network crossed with longitudinal striae, anterior part marked with curved transverse striae. Infero-posteal corner some- times produced into a point with the posterior margin above it excised, some- times crenulated. Ocellus much smaller than the eye and situated nearer to it than to the tip of the rostrum. Post-abdomen long, of almost uniform breadth throughout; supra-anal angle prominent, marginal denticles small. | End-claws small, each with two unequal denticles at the base. Length up to .56 mm.
Male. Much smaller than the female, the largest found measuring only .25 mm.
Distribution —Typical specimens were found at Lett River and Kendall in N.S.W. It has not hitherto been recorded in this State. This species is known from Europe, Siberia, Greenland, Iceland, North and South America and South Africa.
ALONELLA CLATHRATULA Sars. (Plate vi., figs. 6-6a.).
Deseribed by Sars in 1896.
Female. Carapace, seen laterally, oblong oval, with the greatest height in front of the middle; dorsal margin evenly arched, posterior edges truncated. Head depressed, terminating in an acute rostrum. Infero-posteal angle distinct, not excised or crenulated as in the preceding species. Surface of the carapace reticu- lated in the posterior portion and marked by curved striae anteriorly. Post-
BY MARGUERITE HENRY. 49
abdomen truncated at the tip, marginal denticles very small and_hair- like; end- claws each with a very minute basal spine. Length .35 mm.
This species is regarded by some authors as identical with Alonella excisa (Fischer), and Delachaux (1918) classed it as A. excisa var. clathratula on the grounds that the only difference was the presence or absence of the posterior ex- cision. There are, however, other differences, the carapace of clathratula is longer in proportion to its breadth, and the markings of the carapace differ in the two species; in clathratula there is only one minute basal spine, while in excisa there are two spines of unequal length.
Distribution —N.S.W.: Maroubra, Kendall, Lett River. South America, South Africa.
ALONELLA DUOODONTA, n.sp. (Text-figs. 1-4).
Female. Carapace, seen laterally, truncated oval in outline; dorsal margin evenly arched, ventral shghtly curved, posterior edges straight. Infero-posteal corner armed with two strong teeth. Head somewhat depressed, ending in an obtuse rostrum. Eye of moderate size, ocellus slightly smaller, situated closer to
Text-fig. 1. Alonella duoodonta. (x 111). Text-fig. 2. Lip-plate. (x 300). Text-fig. 3. Infero-posteal corner. (x 300). Text-fig. 4. Post-abdomen. (x 395).
the eye than to the tip of the rostrum. Antennules not nearly reaching the tip of the rostrum. Lip-plate large, its anterior and posterior edges almost parallel, its ventral margin with one deep noteh followed by irregular crenulations. Sur- face of the carapace marked by a conspicuous reticulation; ventral edges fringed with bristles. Post-abdomen strongly built, supra-anal angle distinct; anal den- ticles arranged in an irregular manner, about six stout marginal denticles above which are seattered 5-7 lateral denticles and also some fine spines; end-claws long, bearing a series of spinules and one basal spine. Colour pale yellow. Length oO mm. Distribution—N.S.W.: Manly.
50 FRESHWATER ENTOMOSTRACA OF N.S.W. i. CLADOCERA,
List of works referred to.
Bairp, W., 1850.—Natural History of the British Entomostraca. Ray Society, London.
Brapy, G., 1886.—Notes on Entomostraca collected by Mr. A. Haly in Ceylon. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool., xix., p. 293.
Dapay, E., 1898.—Mikroskopische Susswasserthiere aus Ceylon. Termes. Puzetek (als Toe ok :
, 1910.—Die Susswassermikrofauna Deutsch Ost-Afrikas. Zoologica, Heft 59.
Dawa, J., 1853.—Report of the U.S.A. Exploring Expedition. Crustacea, ii., vol. 14.
DevacHaux, T., 1917.—Cladocéres de la région du lae Victoria Nyanza. Rev. Suisse Zool., 25, no. 3, p. 77.
——, 1918.—Cladocéres des Andes Péruviennes. Bull. Soe. Neuchatel, t. xliu., p. 18.
Fiscurr, 8., 1848.—Uber die in der Umgebung von St. Petersburg vorkommenden Crustaceen aus der Ordnung der Branchiopoden und Entomostraceen. Mém. Savans Etrang. St. Petersburg, vi. (1851), pp. 159-199.
——, 1854.—Abhandlung iiber einige neue oder nicht genau gekannte Arten von Daphniden und Lynceiden, als Beitrag zur fauna Russlands. Bull. Soc. imp. Moscou, t. xxvil., p. 423.
GueERNn, J. de, and Ricnarp, J., 1891—Nouveaux Entomostracés d’eau douce de Madagasear. Mém. Soc. zool. France, vi. p. 234.
Haasp, J. F., 1903—Records of some Victorian Entomostraca. Vic. Nat., xix., no. 11, p. 148.
Henry, M., 1919-—On some Australian Cladocera. Proc. Roy. Soc. N.S.AW., li, p. 463.
Herricr, C. L., 1884—Final report on the Crustacea of Minnesota. 12th. Ann. Rep. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey of Minnesota, Vol. 8.
Kine, R. L., 1852.—On some species of Daphniadae found in N.S.W. Roy. Soe. Van Diemen’s Land, 1852 (1853) pp. 243-253.
——, 1852.—On Australian Entomostracans. Roy. Soc. V.D. Land, 1852 (1853), p. 253-263.
Kurz, W., 1874—Dodekas neuer Cladoceren nebst einer kurzen ubersicht der Cladocerenfauna Bohmens. Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Bd. 70, Abth. 1, p. 7.
Leypia, F., 1860.—Naturgeschichte der Daphniden. Tiibingen.
Lirven, 1848.—Die Branchiopoden der Danziger Gegend. Schr. naturf. Ges. Danzig, p. 34.
Puayrair, G. I., 1914.—Contributions to a knowledge of the Biology of the Rich- mond River. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., xxxix., p. 93.
Ricwarp, J., 1897.—Entomostracés de ’Amerique du Sud.” Mém. Soc. zool. France, x., p. 263.
Sars, G. O., 1885.—On some Australian Cladocera raised from dried mud. forh. Vid.-Selsk. Christiania, No. 8.
——, 1888.—Additional notes on Australian Cladocera. Forh, Vid.-Selsk. Chris- tiania, No. 7.
——, 1889.—On a small collection of Freshwater Entomostraca from Sydney. Forh. Vid.-Selsk. Christiania, No. 9.
——, 1896.—On Freshwater Entomostraea from the neighbourhood of Sydney. Arch. Math. og Naturvid., Bd. 18, Heft 2.
——, 1904.—On a remarkable new Chydorid Sayeia orbicuaris from Victoria. Arch. Math. og Naturvid., Ba. xxvi., No. 8.
?
BY MARGUERITE HENRY. 51
——, 1912.—On the problematic form Moina lemnae Wing and its true relation- ship. Arch. Math. og Naturvid., Bd. xxxu., No. 14.
——, 1914—Daphnia carinata ing and its remarkable varieties. Arch. Math. og Naturvid., Bd. xxxiv., No. 1.
——, 1916.—The Freshwater Entomostraca of Cape Provinee. Part 1. Clado- cera. Ann. S. Af. Mus., Vol. xv., Pt. iv., p. 303.
ScHorpELerR, J. EH., 1877—Zur Naturgeschichte der Daphniden Beitrage der Systematischen angehorigkeit der Daphniden. Berlin.
Sware, J.. 1917—The Pond and its Inhabitants. Vic. Nat., xxxiv., No. 1.
—, 1918—One year’s collecting Micro-fauna in the Botanic Gardens Lake, Melbourne. Vic. Nat., xxxv., No. 5. 2 Sautn, G. W., 1909.—The Freshwater Crustacea of Tasmania. Trans. Linn, Soc.
Lond., Ser. i., vol. xi., part 4, p. 61.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES IV—VIII.
Plate iv. Fig. 1.—Daphnia carinata. (x 15). Fig. 2.— oh », var. cephalata, (x 15). Fig. 3.—Scapholeberis kingt. (x 50). Fig. 4.—Ceriodaphnia cornuta. (x 75). Fig. 5.— Hp Spinata. (x 45). Fig. 6.—Motnodaphnia macleayit. (x 45).
Plate v. Fig. 1.—Simocephalus australiensts. (x 28). la. Post-abdomen. (x 56.); 16. Ephippium (x 28); 1c. Antenna (x 65). Fig. 2.—Simocephalus elizabethae. (x 39). 2a. Post-abdomen. (x 72). Fig. 3.—Simocephalus gibbosus. (x 30). 3a, Post-abdomen. (x 72). Fig. 4.—Siimocephalus acutirostratus. (x 15). 4a. Post-abdomen. (x 34).
Plate vi. Fig. 1.—/lyocryptus spinifer. (x 32). la. Post-abdomen. (x 67). Fig. 2.—Acroperus avirostris. (x 78). 2a. Post-abdomen. (x 170). Fig. 3.—Camptocercus australis. (x70). 3a. Post-abdomen. (x 84). Fig. 4.—Dunhevedia crassa. (x 116). 4a. Post-abdomen. (x 116). ‘ Fig. 5.—Graptoleberis testudinaria. (x70). 5a. Post-abdomen. (x 253). Fig. 6.—Alonella clathratiula. (x 180). 6a. Post-abdomen. (290).
Plate vii. Fig. 1.—Alonella diaphana. (x 95). 1a, Post-abdomen. (x 186). Fig. 2.—Pleuroxus reticulatus. (x 148). 2a. Post-abdomen. (x 270). Fig. 8.—Pleuroxus australis. (x 90). Fig. 4.—Chydorus unispinus. (x 82). 4a. Post-abdomen. (x 160). Fig. 5.—Chydorus jugosus. (x 70). 5a. Post-abdomen. (x 130). Fig. 6.—Chydorus globosus. (x 58). 6a. Post-abdomen, (x 130).
i> Me] a
Fe} bey de 09" da" of
w gg
Fig
D
Fic.
FRESHWATER ENTOMOSTRACA OF N.S.W. 1. CLADOCERA,
Plate viii. . L.— Alona whiteleggii. (x 77). la. Post-abdomen. (x 204). 2.—Alona affinis. (x 46). 2a. Post-abdomen. (x 166). . 3.—Alona laevissima. (x77). 3a. Post-abdomen. (x 245). . 4.—Alona microtata, (x 140). 4a, Post-abdomen. (x 380). .oO
—Post-abdomen Alona cambouet. (x 270).
ig. 6.—Post-abdomen Alona pulchella, (x 205).
. 7.—Post-abdomen Alona kendallensis. (x 320). 8.-—-Post-abdomen A/ona abbreviata. (x 270).
53
NOTES ON NEMATODES OF THE GENUS PHYSALOPTERA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THOSE PARASITIC IN REPTILES.
Part u.—A Revirw or THE PHYSALOPTERA OF LIZARDS.
By Vera A. Inwry-Suiva, B.Se., F.L.S., Linnean Macleay Fellow of the Society in Zoology.
{Read 29th March, 1922.]
Seurat is the only author who has made any general study of the members of this group, and his work is confined to the representatives of it in Northern Africa, his two papers (1914, 1917) dealing with four species only. Descriptions of the other species are scattered among isolated papers, often difficult to obtain ; and in most cases very unsatisfactory. The writers usually devote their attention to characters which are common to all the species, and, therefore, of no specific value. As Seurat points out, the reptilian Physaloptera form a very homogeneous group; and he has done a useful service in giving a general account of the Northern African forms. Most of the features which he describes are common to the whole group. Briefly summarised, they are as follows :—
Thick cuticle, transversely striated; a cephalic collarette; narrow lateral wings, bearing a pair of post-cervical papillae; excretory pore, ventrally situated, not far from these papillae; two asymmetrical papillae further back, in the in- testinal region; a strong tooth (external labial tooth) on the summit of each lateral lip, several smaller teeth on its inner face, and a row of minute spines, or denticles, on its lower border; a pair of lateral papillae on the buceal pad external to each lip, and a median cephalic gland between them; a pair of lateral caudal pores on the mid region of the tail, and a caudal gland at its tip; large herve ring surrounding the muscular oesophagus; vulva in front of middle of body; uterus with two or four branches; caudal bursa on male tail, bearing four pairs of external pedunculated papillae, surrounding cloaca, and about thirteen internal papillae, usually sessile, of which three are pre-anal, and the rest, in pairs, post-anal; spicules unequal, the right short and broad, the left long and slender.
With so much uniformity in the group, the determination of characters on which to base specific distinctions is a difficult one. Seurat considers that such characters are to be found only in careful measurements of the relative propor- tions, and in the conformation of the internal organs. But considerable varia- tions are found in the dimensions given of the same species by different writers,
54 NEMATODES OF THE GUNUS PHYSALOPTERA,
even when all the required measurements are given, which is rarely the case. And, where a long series of what is undoubtedly the one species is carefully examined, similar variations are found to oceur, both in the proportions and conformation of organs.
So that it is not advisable to rely on this character alone, although a very necessary one, for a specific determination. Another objection to it is that it usually requires the dissection of the specimens, a delicate and tedious operation in the smaller species. Pe
A useful and more easily observed character is found ‘in the structure of the male caudal bursa. Seurat is of the opinion that the number and disposition of the genital papillae are too constant to make this feature of specific value. But a careful study of the male tails of all the species shows well marked differences, not only in the papillae, but in the general shape and proportions of the bursa, form of margin (whether lobed or straight), shape of cloaca and character and arrangement of the area of cuticular granulations which usually surrounds it. Such distinctions are well seen, for example, in a comparison of the caudal bursas of Physaloptera antarctica, P. sonsinoi, and P. dentata, shown in the text figures.
It appears, too, that a more thorough examination than is usually given to the formation of the labial teeth would supply characters of specific value. In the existing descriptions of the species, there are indications of marked differences in the shape and size of the teeth, and in the denticular formations.
In the following specific diagnoses, I have been careful to note, from the authors, all those points in the descriptions which appeared to me to be of some specific value, omitting features which have been described as common to all. The measurements are grouped all together, in a table, as they are essential for specific determinations, and of most use when they are most readily available for comparison. The figures of the male tails are also grouped together, for the same reason; and, as they supply all the necessary information in regard to the number and arrangement of papillae, this is omitted from the diagnoses, except in cases where no figure of the bursa has been given by the author. The figures given in this paper represent traced copies of the originals.
It will be noticed that in several of the species the uterus is divided into four branches, instead of the usual two.
Seurat has separated the Physaloptera of reptiles into two groups, those which have a female genital apparatus formed of four uteri and four ovaries, viz.—Formes tetrahystériénnes, and those in which it consists of two uteri and two ovaries, Formes didelphes.
This grouping has been adopted here. But the more typical arrangement of the genital apparatus has been assumed for species when no mention of it is made in the descriptions relative to them; and it is possible that, with more eareful study, more species will be found to have the four-branched uterus.
Though P. abbreviata is one of Rudolphi’s original species, the type of the genus is P. clausa, and Diesing’s revised diagnosis of the genus Physaloptera in- eludes the definite statement “uterus bicornis.” It may be questioned, therefore, whether species with four uteri are properly assignable to the genus; though it would seem undesirable to establish a new genus entirely on a character which can be determined only by dissection.
Of the fifteen species which have been recorded from lizards, several have already been proved to be synonyms, and there are reasonable grounds for the supposition that other names will fall as synonyms. The total number of valid
BY VERA IRWIN-SMITH. 55
species, known from lizards, may be taken to be not more than nine, or, at most, ten. But, as this assumption is based only on a comparison of the descriptions given by the authors, and specimens are-not available here for study, it has seemed better to retain the present status of the different species, pending fur- ther investigation. Therefore I have merely indicated the probable synonymy, in a discussion under the diagnosis of each doubtful species.
A list of the hosts in which the species are found is given in the first paper of this series (Irwin-Smith, 1921).
The Physaloptera of lizards. A. Species with uterus divided into four branches. PHYSALOPTERA PALLARYI Seurat, 1917.
External labial tooth triangular, sharply pointed, erect; about 20 sharp den- ticles forming a very plain internal denticular border to the lip. Buccal frame slightly trilobed, bearing a pair of very small papillae. Muscular oesophagus slender, narrower than the glandular oesophagus. Body of female much at- tenuated anteriorly, thick and robust posteriorly. Vulva not salient; opening in front of termination of oesophagus; ovijector and reservoir long (1.55 mm.) ; un- paired trunk of uterus fairly long (650 y), dichotomously divided into four branches. Caudal pores opening at posterior fifth of tail. Male tail (not figured) very short, provided with two narrow wings which do not reach the extremity. Three pre-anal papillae close to anterior border of cloacal ring, first pair of post-anal papillae right on posterior margin of the ring, fourth pair only a short distance from caudal point. Spicules very short, only slightly unequal. Wart- hike cuticular protuberances surrounding cloaca big and salient. Measurements as given in table.
PHYSALOPTERA ABBREVIATA Rudolphi, 1819.
Body robust. The two lips very big, each bearing a large wedge-shaped ex- ternal labial tooth, truneated at the extremity, and, on the inner face, a number of small teeth. The usual pair of external labial papillae. Muscular oesophagus massive, as wide as glandular oesophagus. Body of female attenuated at both extremities. Vulva not, or only slightly, salient; its position variable, opening either before or behind termination of the oesophagus: vestibule very long (3.5 mm.), unpaired trunk of uterus fairly long, dichotomously divided into four branches; seminal receptacles 150 » x 120 p, clearly marked off from both uterus and oviduets by narrow constrictions. Caudal pores just beyond middle of tail. Male tail elongated, inflected ventrally; caudal wings wide, cloacal lips not salient, cuticular projections arranged in longitudinal rows. Spicules very un- equal. For number and arrangement of papillae see figure.
Reference is usually made to Linstow’s description of this species, but a good deal of additional information has been contributed by Seurat, who examined the female genital system. Details supplied by Seurat have been in- corporated in the above diagnosis, and the measurements given by him have been used in the table. Linstow’s measurements differ considerably. According to him the oesophagus is one twelfth the total length; the tail, in the male, one twenty-seventh, in the female, one forty-seventh as long as the entire body; male 9 mm. long, 600 , thick, female 18 mm. long, 870 » thick, the vulva divid- ing the body in the ratio 8: 31. Eges 36 », x 20 » in diameter.
56
NEMATODES OF THE GENUS PHYSALOPTERA,
EA cites
Cdl” 15S
Caudal extremities of males of Physaloptera from Lizards.
BY VERA IRWIN-SMITH. 57
PHYSALOPTERA VARANI Parona, 1890.
Synonyms.—Physaloptera paradoxa Linstow, 1908; Physaloptera quadrovaria Leiper, 1908.
Head without lateral cuticular expansions. External labial tooth cuneiform, truncated. Labial papillae very small. Caudal extremity of female obtuse, anus nearly apical. Vulva opening behind the termination of oesophagus; ovijector elongated (3 mm.), unpaired trunk of uterus very short, divided directly into four branches, which terminate in seminal receptacles; these marked off from oviduets by deep constrictions, but passing gradually into the uteri. Ova brown coloured. Caudal pores in female very apparent just beyond middle of tail, opening in a cuticular depression bordered by a thick ring; in male situated midway between third and fourth pairs of post-anal papillae. Cloaea bounded by two prominent lips; euticular knobs surrounding it often ornamented with little spurs. Pre-anal unpaired papilla oval, the paired papillae round. For arrangement of papillae see figure. Measurements as given in table.
In the above diagnosis, use has been made of the accounts given by Seurat, in conjunction with Parona’s original description. The details of the female genital system are taken from the description of Physaloptera paradoxa by Seurat (1914). He subsequently (1917) classed both this and P. quadrovaria as synonyms of P. varani. As I have not had an opportunity of seeing the original description of P. paradozxa, I have accepted Seurat’s authority for the synonymy. But it will be seen, from the two figures given, that the caudal bursa of P. varani, as shown by Parona, differs both in the number and arrangement of papillae from that of P. paradoxa as figured by Seurat. However, this is a feature in which mistakes of observation readily occur, and Seurat himself, in his second description, amends his first statement that six pairs of post-anal papillae occur, one of the pairs proving to be caudal pores.
The only description supplied by Leiper for P. quadrovaria is that “the vaginal canal is formed by the fusion of fowr distinct ovarian tubes,’ and a diagram, which indicates that the mode of division is similar to that described for P. paradoxa.
PHYSALOPTERA ANTARCTICA Linstow, 1899.
? Synonym.—Physaloptera alba Stossich, 1902.
Skin very thick. Lips hemispherical, each surmounted by a conical tooth, with two small adjacent teeth on the inner side. Body stout and elongated. Tail, in male, one twenty-third, in female, one fifty-fourth as long as entire body. Female tail conical, with rounded point. Eggs with very thick shell. Large cloacal aperture, circular in outline. The four pairs of external papillae pos- sessing’ long stalks. For details of caudal bursa see figure. Measurements as given in table.
Linstow’s description is too brief for a good specifie diagnosis, but enough to show a close agreement with the Physaloptera alba described by Stossich.
PHYSALOPTERA ALBA Stossich, 1902.
Lips feebly developed, each produced into two big submedian papillae. Teeth very weak. Female tail conical. Vulva opening at anterior third of body length. Eggs enclosed in a very thick hyaline shell. Male eaudal bursa as shown in figure. Stalks of the four pairs of external papillae long. Measurements as given in table. ¢
58 NEMATODES OF THE GENUS PHYSALOPTERA,
As noted above, this species is probably identical with Physaloptera antarc- tica. The few measurements given accord with those for Linstow’s species, and both worms are recorded from species of the same genus of host. The figures for the male tail, given by the two authors, show a close agreement in the general shape of the bursa, and the area on it covered by the cuticular granu- lations. Both writers note the length of the stalks of the external papillae, a feature which is also well shown in the two figures. In the figure of P. alba, precaudal papillae are missing, but these papillae are easily overlooked. Phy- saloptera from the same host, which I have examined recently and found to agree in most particulars with the deseription of P. antarctica, have the three pairs of caudal papillae stalked, as shown by Stossich. The females examined are also found to possess a four-branched uterus. Neither Linstow nor Stossich makes any mention of the female genital system, but I have placed the species in this group (A), on the evidence afforded by the worms now in my collection, of which a full deseription will be published later.
B. Species with uterus divided into two branches. PHYSALOPTERA LEPTOSOMA (Gervais) Seurat, 1917.
Synonyms.—Strongylus leptosomus Gervais, 1848; Fraipont, 1882; ? Physalop- tera chamaeleontis Gedoelst, 1916.
External labial tooth cuneiform, truncated, and provided with a little rounded button at the extremity. Internal teeth very distinct, bicuspid. Internal denti- cular border much reduced, interrupted by indistinet elliptical spots. — Post- cervical papillae slightly asymmetrical, the left longer. Muscular oesophagus re- markable for its brevity. Caudal extremity of female digitiform, elongated. Vulva not salient; vestibule and reservoir very elongated (3.125 mm.), unpaired trunk of uterus fairly long (500 »), dividing into two parallel branches, 1.6 mm. long, each of which continues as a uterus extending nearly to level of anus. Caudal pores opening at posterior third of tail, in a slightly sunken elliptical area, bounded by a thin cuticular border. Male spicules very unequal. Caudal bursa elongated. Cloaea bounded by two salient lips with smooth surface. Cuti- cular processes of circum-cloacal region armed with spines, and arranged in longitudinal rows. Caudal pores just beyond middle of tail. For details of caudal bursa see figure. Measurements as given in table.
PHYSALOPTERA CHAMAELEONTIS Gedoelst, 1916.
External labial tooth triangular. Internal ‘‘fourchette” absent. The two extremities of the female equally attenuated; tail conical. Vulva slightly pro- minent; vestibule and reservoir 3.2 mm. long, unpaired trunk of uterus 1.5 mm. long, dividing into two branches 2 mm. long, each continuous with a uterus. Maximum thickness of male body in the posterior half, gradually attenuated in front. Spicules very unequal. Caudal bursa 1.44 mm. long. Cireum-cloacal re- gion provided with a regular longitudinal series of chitinous denticles, extending nearly to the middle of the tail. For arrangement of caudal papillae see figure. Measurements as given in table.
As will be seen from the tables of measurements, this species agrees so closely in all its dimensions with P. leptosoma as to suggest that it is a synonym. This assumption is strengthened by a comparison of the descriptions. The structure and proportions of the female genital systems are about the same: in
BY VERA IRWIN-SMITH. : 59
both there is a reduction of the denticular formation on the inner face of the lip; the male caudal bursa has an elongated form in both, and the figures show that the arrangement of papillae and chitinous processes is alike.
PHYSALOPTERA DENTATA Linstow, 1883.
? Synonym.—Physaloptera aloisii-sabaudiae Parona, 1907.
Lips very large, with a median papilla on each. External labial tooth big, wedge-shaped, with a small tooth attached to its internal base. Caudal extremity of female conical, with rounded point, one twenty-fifth of the length of the whole body. Eggs very numerous, thick-shelled. Male tail one eleventh of the length of the body. Conieal processes arranged on wings of bursa in longitudinal rows. Of the post-anal papillae 1 and 2 close together, often merging into one big one. See figure, for general arrangement of papillae. Measurements as given in table.
PHYSALOPTERA ALOISII-SABAUDIAE Parona, 1907.
Body attenuated anteriorly for a third of the total length. Mouth with two large lips; one papilla on each lip; big teeth, with a series of spines. Head with two oval membranous lobes, with continuous margins. Intestine in male straight, in female sinuous in the posterior half. Caudal extremity of female short, with rounded point. Vulva prominent, with smooth circular outline. Hggs in immense numbers, oval, thin-shelled. Male spicules stout, long, and unequal. Anterior end of testis extending right beyond the base of the oesophagus. Caudal bursa lanceolate, margins not lobed, without spines (‘senza aculei’) on its surface. External papillae with long peduneles; 2 and 3 post-anal shortly pedunceulate.
Parona makes a note of the similarity between this species and the deserip- tions of P. dentata, and P. abbreviata. It seems probable that it is identical with the former. They were found in different species of the same host genus (Agama); the lengths are about the same, and although the descriptions of both are very meagre, they agree in important particulars. No figure is given of the caudal bursa of P. aloisii-sabaudiae, but the absence of the usual cuticular granu- lations on the circum-cloacal region is a very distinctive feature, and, in the figure of the caudal bursa of P. dentata, it is seen that these formations are con- fined to the marginal wings, the region round the cloaca being, apparently, quite smooth. P. dentata, too, is figured with the straight, not lobed, edge to the bursa, which is described for P. aloisii-sabaudiae. And, in each case, mention is made of a single median papilla on each lip.
PHYSALOPTERA SONSINOI Linstow, 1895.
External Jabial tooth conical. A pair of small submedian papillae on each lip. Caudal extremity of female rounded, and curved dorsally. 2 tail one-eigh- teenth of whole length. Eggs very thick shelled. | Twenty three papillae on caudal bursa, unusual in size and arrangement, as shown in figure. ¢ tail 1/9.25 of the body length. See measurements in table.
PHYSALOPTERA SPIRALIS Schneider, 1866.
External labial tooth pointed, inner tooth absent. Inner side of each lip beset with spines; a pair in the median line below the base of the tooth, another pair on each side near the margin of the lip, and, dorsally and ventrally, on the base, a row of about five. Caudal extremity, in female, dorsally curved or coiled in a spiral; in male, straight. Measurements as given in the table.
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BY VERA IRWIN-SMITH. 61
Selneider’s figure of the caudal bursa (See ‘Text-tig.) shows no unpaired papilla and only four pairs of internal papillae; but in his description he makes the statement “6 unmittelbar hinter der unpaaren Papilla.”
In comparing this species with P. abbreviata he says that the denticles on the lip of the latter form an uninterrupted row along the edge, and that the only difference in the arrangement of the caudal papillae is that in P. abbreviata they are further from the median line.
PHYSALOPTERA RETUSA Rudolphi, 1819.
External labial tooth notched, the notches not extending to the base. Inner teeth longer. Internal face of lip beset with short spike-shaped processes; a pair towards each side of the base, dorsal and ventral, a pair midway between these and the apex of the lip. The two branches of the uterus extend far towards the posterior end. Caudal papillae arranged as shown in the figure. Measurements as given in the table.
Schneider mentions that he has observed ecdysis in a larva 7 mm. long, and that ripe eggs are first found in a female 30 mm. long.
PHYSALOPTERA BRITANICA Skrjabin.
Seurat makes a brief reference to this species (1917, p. 47). He says that it resembles P. pallaryi in the conformation of the buccal lips, but differs from it by its much superior stature, by the relatively slighter length of the oesophagus, and by the different form of the tail in the femate.
I have not been able to trace the original description of the species, nor to find any other reference to it.
Literature.
Diestne, 1861.—Revision der Nematoden. Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math- Naturw. Cl. (1860), xli., p. 652.
GeporLst, L., 1916.—Notes sur la faune parasitaire du Congo belge. Rev. Zool. Africaine, Brusselles, v., pp. 1-90.
Irwin-Suitu, V., 1921.—Notes on Nematodes of the genus Physaloptera, with special reference to those parasitic in Reptiles. Part 1. Proc. Linn. Soe. N.S.W., xivi., pp. 492-502.
Lerper, R. T., 1908.—An account of some helminthes contained in Dr. C. M. Wenyon’s collection from the Sudan. Rep. Wellcome Research Lab., London, iii., pp. 187-199, Pls. 21-22, figs. 44-50. ,
Liysrow, 1883.—Nematoden, Trematoden und Acanthocephalen, gesammelt von Prof. Fedtschenko in Turkestan. Arch. Naturg., xlix., pp. 274-314, Pls. 6-9, figs. 1-52.
1895.—Untersuchungen an Nematoden. Arch. Mikr. Anat., pp. 509- 533, Pl. 30.
1899.—Nematoden aus der Berliner zoologischen Sammlung. Mutt. zool. Samml. d. Mus. f. Naturk. Berl., i (2), pp. 1-28, 6 Pls.
1908.—Helminthes. Nematoden und Acanthocephalen. (ing: Schultze, Zool. u. Anthrop. Ergeb. e Forschungsreise in Sud Africa. Bd. 1, Leif. 4.). Denk. med. Ges., Jena, xiii., pp. 19-28, 1 Pl.
Parona, C., 1890.—Sopra alunci elminti di vertebrati birmani raccolti da Leon- ardo Fea. Ann. Mus. Genova, ser. 2, vil., (xxvii.), pp. 765-780, Pl. 3.
62 NEMATODES OF THE GENUS PHYSALOPTERA.
1907.—Nuove specie di nematodi africani. (Nota preventiva). (Spedizione al Ruwenzori di §.A.R. Luigi Amedeo di Savoia, Duca degli Abruzzi. 24.) Boll. Mus. zool. ed anat. compar., Torino (566), xxii., 4 pp. RupouPut, C. A., 1819—Entozoorum synopsis cui accadunt mantissa duplex et indices locupletissimi. Berolini. Scuneiper, A., 1866.—Monographie der Nematoden. Berlin, pp. 59-65, 341. Srurat, L. G., 1914.—Sur deux Physaloptéres tetrahystériens des Reptiles. Compt. rend. Soc. biol., Paris, \xxvii., pp. 433-436. 1917.—Physaloptéres des reptiles du Nord-Africain. Compt. rend. Soc. biol., Paris, Ixxx., pp. 48-52. Stosstcu, 1902.—Sopra alunci nematodi della collezione elmintologica del prof. dott. Corrado Parona. Boll. Mus. zool. e anat. comp., Genova, No. 116. 16 pp., 3 Pls.
63
A NEW GENUS OF AUSTRALIAN C/XIIDAE (HOMOPTERA). By F. Muir, Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station, Honolulu, T. H. (Communicated by H. J. Carter, B.A., I’.E.S.)
[Read 26th April, 1922.|
BATH YMERTIA, n. gen.
Closely allied to Leptoclamys Kirk. but the great development of the front legs distinguishes it. Vertex about twice as broad as long, with a transverse carina about middle, a transverse carina divides vertex from frons; base very shallowly emarginate, except in the middle, where there is a minute angular emargination; apex truncate, not produced beyond eyes. Length of middle ot face equal to width, widest shghtly beyond middle, sides shghtly curved, apical half more so than basal, apex of face deeply and roundly concave thus making the sides longer than middle, marginal carinae distinct, median carina some- what obseure, no median ocellus but the median carina obsolete at apex. In side view base of clypeus rounded, shghtly produced, distinetly tricarinate. Antennae globose. Pronotum fairly long, hind margin deeply and angularly emarginate with a carina margining the middle half; no lateral carinae but a slight groove runs from the anterior margin behind eye in a cirele nearly touching the hind margin, the area within this groove being slightly swollen. Mesonotum slightly flattened in middle, tricarinate. Front legs considerably thickened, femora slightly excavate along the ventral surface with small spines along each margin; tibiae slightly excavate along dorsal surface with spines around apex. This ar- rangement allows the tibiae to be laid close to the femora and the tarsi doubled back upon the tibiae, as is often found in subterraneous insects. Other legs normal; hind tibiaé without spines. Ovipositor short, complete; the surface of female pygofer forming a wax-secreting surface; female abdomen fairly full but decidedly compressed horizontally. Male pygofer of the normal Cixiid type, abdomen compressed horizontally. Tegmina of the Cixiid type, subtectiform, claval veins joining about middle of clavus, entering hind margin before apex, Se and R forking at same level as Cu slightly beyond middle of clavus; R with three apical veins; first fork of M shghtly before apex of clavus, five apical veins, Mi, Mi, M2, Mz and Ma.
Type, B. helmsi Muir.
BATHYMERIA HELMSI, n.sp.
3. Length 4.4 mm.; tegmen 5.6 mm. Dark brown or nearly black over head and thorax, carinae lighter, also the raised area on pronotum, front snd middle tibiae and tarsi and the hind legs
64 NEW GENUS OF AUSTRALIAN CIXIIDAE.
lighter; abdomen light brown. Tegmina and wings hyaline, vitreous, veins dark brown; tubercles sparse, more numerous on apical veins, bearing small black macrotrichia; a brown stigmal mark. Ventral margin of pygofer angularly pro- duced, lateral margins slightly curved; anal segment of moderate size, rounded at apex; genital styles Y-shaped, the inner arm being small and the outer curved.
2. Length 6.4 mm.; tegmen 8.6 mm.
Lighter than the male. Full view of pygofer a little longer than wide, sides fairly deep, ovipositor slightly curved upward, not reaching the anal segment which is short and slightly flattened horizontally. }
Described from one male from Sydney, N.S.W., and five females, one un- labelled, one from National Park (December, 1905) and three from Sydney, N.S.W. These specimens are in Dr. Helms’ collection, now in the Bishop Museum, Honolulu, T.H. One Paratype in Australian Museum Collection, No. K45294.
The interest attached to this insect is that the front legs are developed abnormally for the family and indicate that the nymph is likely to be subter- raneous in its habits. Information on this point would be of interest and local collectors should endeavour to settle this point.
65
AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA: NOTES AND NEW SPECIES. No. ii. By H. J. Carter, B.A., F.E.S.
(Fourteen Text-figures. )
{Read 26th April, 1922.]
BUPRESTIDAE.
Buprestidae. Having lately examined long series from the South Australian Museum of many species of the Chalecophorini group of Buprestidae, I made a careful study of the Chalcotaenia—especially of those having 4-spotted elytra— in order to clear my own mind on the subject. Cotypes of the Jate Canon Black- burn’s species were amongst these, ineluding one of C. beltanae—the label in Blackburn’s handwriting. I would note: (1) This species is a Chalcotaenia—as so placed by Kerremans in the Gen. Insectorum—not a Chalcophorella as originally deseribed. (2) Portions of the description do not agree with the specimen—(a) “partibus elevatis obscure cuprascentibus,” (b) ‘“antennis sat brevibus haud prothoracis basin attingentibus.” With regard to (a) the elevated parts are dark green, the depressed areas golden; the word non should thus be prefixed to elevatis to describe the specimen.
As to (b) there only remain 9 joints of one antenna; but the 9th joint exactly reaches the base of prothorax, so that the antennae of the example in cuestion are decidedly longer than the prothorax. Further, except for parts of joints 1-3 which are metallic, the antenna is testaceous, although in his final note the author compared it with “C. martini Saund., and C. cerata Kerr., both of which, however, differ from it, inter alia multa, by their testaceous antennae.” The dimensions of the example are 19 x 7 mm., those of the type 8% x 3 lines. I can only deduce, therefore, that either the specimen is wrongly named or that the above statements are inaccurate.
The other species by this author, of which I have examined cotypes are, I consider, synonyms as follows :—
C. australasiae Saund. = C. angulipennis Blackb. C. quadri-impressa Wiaterh. = C. sulciventris Blackb.
I append a tabulation of the Australian species of the genus. The two extra- Australian species are C. gratiosissima Kerr. from Papua and C. longicollis Kerr. from “Tsles du Sud-East.”
66 AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA: NOTES AND NEW SPECIES. il.
Table of Australian species of Chalcotaenia Deyrolle.
1 Elytral costae entire, without impressions .. .. .. .. lamberti C. and G. 2—4 Elytral costae interrupted by one impression on eacb 3 Form elongate, the elytral impressions near apex .. .. elongata Waterh. 4 Form ovate, the elytral impressions premedial .. .. .. bi-impressa Cart. 5—12 Elytral costae interrupted by two impressions on each
G—S Sides of prothorax widely arched in front.
a Four impressions wide and irregular in shape; humeral truncature of elytra subangulately widened .. .. .. .. australasiae Saund. Geoentale Water angulipennis Blackb. 8 Four impressions subcircular (equally wide apart)—humeral truncature not angulate .. .. .. .. .. . quadri-impressa Waterh. — sulei-ventris Blackb. 9—12 Sides of Cithorae nearly straight (lightly sinuous). 10 Four impressions subcircular ,the premedial closer set than the post- mediali-y-myee wera vs ss Cuprascens Waterh. australis Hairm. ll Form more Ghowate finch 10, postmedial impressions forming a comma-~ like connection (on outside) with latero-apical sulci .. .. .. laeta Waterh. 12 Form narrower than 10, 11, impression more vague; post-medial impressions connected (on inside) with latero-apical sulci beltanae Blackh. 13—15 Costae wide and little raised, impressions elongate. 14 Prothorax subquadrate, elytra subparallel .. .. .. .. .. -. violacea Cart. 15 Prothoraxstrapeziform:: elytra ovate! 3 sy hone) eis eee castanea Cart.
Buprestis aurulenta L. This beautiful North American beetle has now to be reeorded from Australia, probably bred from imported Oregon pine timber. An example was taken by Dr. E. W. Ferguson at Port Macquarie, Aug. 1919, in or near his boarding house, which was so unrelated to any Australian Bupres- tidae known to me that I sent it to the British Museum for determination. This has now been returned by Mr. K. G. Blair, named as above, together with a note that a specimen from Hawaii was also in the British Museum. I have lately seen another example from the National Museum, Melbourne, taken at Toorak or Frankston, (Vic.). A short description of this will interest our coleopterists.
N.S.W. Example.—d, 16 x 6 mm. Vic. Example.—9, 20 x 8 mm.
Oval, glabrous, golden green above and below, head, pronotum (apex and sides) suffused with golden copper, suture and sides of elytra brilliant golden copper; pronotum rugose punctate; each elytron with four sharp costae, suture and margins also costate, interspaces rugose punctate.
NEO-BUBASTES FLAVO-VITTATA, n.sp. (Text-fig. 1).
Elongate, oblong, lightly attenuate behind; head and pronotum gold suffused with green, golden at sides. Elytra green with a wide yellow vitta on each, not quite touching the base and terminating some distance from apex, its inner mar- gin near suture, its external margin parallel to the margins of elytra; the suture sometimes violaceous on apical half; underside dark golden bronze, rather thickly clothed with short white pubescence.
Head densely punctate, antennae short, Ist joint large, all after the 3rd finely serrated; eyes parallel and widely separated. Prothorax sub-globular, apex trun- cate, base lightly bisinuate, sides widely rounded; very densely punctate and varyingly rugose in parts; in two (of three examples) with a fine medial carina on basal half, anterior angles depressed—quite rounded off from above—posterior obtuse. Scutellum large, transversely oval, very nitid and brassy. Elytra lightly
BY H. J. CARTER. 67
enlarged at shoulders and compressed at middle; apices separately rounded, posterior margins serrated, striate-punctate, the seriate punctures large and close; intervals convex-and closely punctate. Underside densely punctate, the prosternum coarsely so, margins of abdominal segments smooth and nitid. Apical segment truneate between two sub-obsolete teeth in 6d, rounded in &. Dimensions: 6, MEN) x 4mm Pd) sod mma.
Hab.—Western Australia: Kellerberrin (Mv. H. Giles), Cunderdin (Mr. R. lllidge).
Three examples (2 d, 12) are before me. The species is peculiar amongst Buprestidae in the contrasted metallic areas and the non-metallic vittae of the elytra. If the yellow be taken as the ground colour, then the base and suture are narrowly, and the margins and apex widely, green. The apices and suture are, in two examples, violaceous. Though presenting certain marked differences in the form of the prothorax and in the elytral sculpture from WV. awreocincta Blackb. (Text-fig. 2)—of which I have seen the type—it is, I consider, con- generic with that species. Types in Coll. Carter.
N.B. The genus is clearly distinet from Bubastes by its shorter prothorax, larger seutellum and flatter elytra inter alia, though merged by Kerremans with Bubastes (Gen. Ins.). ;
I have lately received some valued papers (Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1920) on Buprestidae by Dr. Jan Obenberger of Prague. Amongst his new species there is one evident synonym as follows :—-
Bubastes suturalis Carter = B. strandi Obenb. B. suturalis was published in 1915.
Pseudanilara roberti Théry.—I have identified tlis genus and species in two examples from Sydney in my collection (deseribed as from Victoria). The genus is separated from Anilara by its wide head, bisinuate base of pronotum, the position of the antennary cavities and the absence of impression or carenum on the last segment of abdomen.
STIGMODERA.
Synonymy. Stigmodera rollei Kerr. = S. hackeri Carter. [S. caudata Cart. (nom. praeoce.) |.
Stigmodera horni err. = S. unimaculata Carter.
Kerremans’ descriptions were published Jan. 1908 (Deutsche Ent. Zeit.) while my names appeared in August of the same year (These Proc.). I have only recently obtained Kerremans’ descriptions. He notes, as I did, the identical colour markings of these two species, but, like myself, considers the marked differences, especially of apical structure, specific distinctions, though noting that his two examples of rollei were 22, and those of horni were dd.
Of six examples of rollei and three of horni now before me the same sexual association holds. This is quite strong, though not conclusive evidence that rollet is the 2 and horni the do of the same species. S. horni is also very close to 8. erubescens Blackb. from the same region—a species of which I have only seen the d (Three in my collection).
Stigmodera johannae Théry.—This is, evidently, one of the forms of S. straminea Macl. The colour of the thorax is more correctly deseribed by Théry as violet purple, than by Macleay as “golden olive,” and the excellent description exactly applies to Macleay’s species. In this species the preapical “tache’’ is frequently absent.
68 AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA: NOTES AND NEW SPECIES. 11.
Stigmodera donovani C. and G. This species, placed by me as a synonym of S. jansoni Saund. in my Revision (Trans. Roy. Soe. 5. Aus., 1916, p. 93) is, I now consider, quite distinct from Saunders’ species.
Specimens of S. jansoni taken by Mr. R. Illidge at Gympie, Queensland, correspond with the description. It is longer, more parallel than donovani, the apical spines on each elytron closer, the interspace less oblique than in that species, while the underside is clear green, the same being flavous—the abdominal segments with green margins—in S. donovani. The 2 has a concolorous green prothorax without yellow margins—a fact unnoted in the deseription.
Mr. Ilhidge has taken both species in the same district. My examples of S. donovani are from Rockhampton.
S. spencei C. and G. Two examples, the sexes, in Mr. Ilhdge’s collection have only one fascia, besides the dark apical mark, on elytra.
S. cydista Rainb. Mr. T. G. Sloane has lately (Dec., 1921) taken three examples of this at Barrington Tops (Mount Royal) that differ only from the typical form in having the medial fascia broken up into two spots on. each elytron; one, round, near suture, the other on side. The three are exactly alike.
S. praetermissa Cart. This species appears to be moderately common in Victoria. Since my description appeared, several examples have been sent me for determination, taken by Mr. J. E. Dixon and others.
The followmg new species of Stigmodera have lately come under my notice from various sources:
STIGMODERA AURIFERA, n.sp. (Text-fig. 3.)
Oval, robust; head, prothorax, scutellum, underside, antennae and elytral markings brilliant golden bronze (pronotum with a violaceous tinge near centre), legs and tarsi coppery green; elytra yellow with the basal border widely, a short preapieal fascia, mterrupted at suture and ‘extending over two-thirds of width and extreme apex, golden bronze.
Head channelled and concave; coarsely, irregularly punctate, the punctures finer between eyes. Prothorax truncate in front, moderately bisinuate at base, widest behind middle, thence rather stvaightly narrowed, lightly towards base, strongly towards apex; dise coarsely punctate at centre, base and sides, the punctures sub-confluent at sides, more widely set towards centre, finer and dense towards apex, a little depressed in front of seutellum, medial line smooth for the greater part. Scutellum cordate and coneave, nitid and impunetate. Hlytra well widened behind shoulders, lightly compressed before the middle, margins finely serrated near apex, apices rounded but not quite meeting; striate-punctate, all intervals convex, strongly so at sides and apex, intervals sparsely but dis- tinetly punctate; sternal area coarsely, the abdomen finely and densely punctate. Dimensions: 17 x 7 mm.
Hab.—N. Queensland (Mr. H. P. Dodd).
A single female, taken by the [Kuranda naturalist, was received without locality label. In general form it suggests S. secularis Thoms. and S. fulviventris Macel., but it is not, in colour, form or pattern, near any of the species appearing in the section of my tabulation (op. cit., p. 102) to which it belongs. “Elytra with basal margins, post-medial fascia and apex only dark.” Type in Coll. Cart.
STIGMODERA AUROLIMBATA, n.sp. (Text-fig. 4.)
Oblong oval, lightly attenuated at apex; head, prothorax, seutellum, under- side, appendages, basal margin and suture of elytra golden green; elytra yellow
BY H. J. CARTER. 69
with the following markings dark blue (besides the above golden margins) : basal fascia, widened and directed backwards on humeral callus; a transverse, oval, pre-medial spot, extending across the suture, an irregular post-medial fascia formed by three connected spots and wide apical mark.
Head channelled and lightly concave, densely punetate. Prothorax very convex, truncate at apex, strongly bisinuate at base, widest at middle, sides lightly rounded, feebly sinuate behind; anterior angles obtuse, posterior acute; dise
Text-figs. 1-5. 1. Neo-bubastes flavo-vittata, u.sp, 2. N. aureocincta Blackh. 3. Stigimodera aurifera, n.sp. 4. S. aurolimbata, n.sp,
5. S. clarki, n.sp.
densely, evenly punctate for the greater part, the punctures coarser and _ less crowded at sides, a small round pre-scutellary fovea and two transverse basal foveae. Zlytra enlarged behind shoulders, apices forming a single wide lunation, scarcely spinose; striate punctate, intervals flat save at sides and apex, underside densely punctate. Dimensions: 74 x 3 mm.
Hab.—North Queensland: Cairns district (Mr. H. P. Dodd).
A pretty little species, unique, from Mr. Dodd, of the form of S. puerilis Kerr., S. festiva Cart. and S. titania Cart. with a eolour plan near that of S. auricollis C. and G., near which it would come in my tabulation. It differs from any other Stigmodera by the unusual golden metallic edging to the elytra along the base and suture, with the contrasted dark blue markings outside this. Type in Coll. Carter.
STIGMODERA CLARKI, n.sp. (Text-fig. 5.)
Hlongate ovate; head, pronotum, scutellum, underside and appendages dark bronze, pronotum with yellow margins; elytra blue-black with the following markings yellow: oval basal spot, elongate epipleural spot, two fasciae extending to sides but not to suture, the one medial enlarged on dise, the oblique extension to sides narrower, the other preapical, lunate, widest at sides; underside densely clad with white, adpressed hair.
Head channelled and closely punetate. Prothorax lightly bisinuate at apex in middle, strongly so at base, anterior angles obtuse, posterior sub-rectangular, sides widest at middle, evenly rounded, dise closely punctate with smooth medial line. Seutellum cordate, depressed in middle. EHlytra convex, sub-parallel, light-
70 AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA: NOTES AND NEW SPECIES. il.
ly widened at shoulders and compressed before middle, minutely serrated near apex, apices rather widely lunate; striate-punctate, intervals finely wrinkled, con- vex at sides and apex only. Dimensions: 5.13 x 5; 9. 15 x 6 mm.
ab.—Busselton, Western Australia. (Mr. J. Clark).
Five examples before me can only be confused with S. serratipennis mihi. S. victoriensis Blackb. and S..eremita Blackb. From the first it is distinguished by the absence of the yellow head spot, the apical spot on the elytra and the yellow markings of the underside; from the second it differs in colour, more elongate form, the absence of apical spot on elytra and the impunctate elytral intervals; S. eremita Blackb., besides its more oval form, has the ground colour of elytra and underside a clear blue; the medial fascia joining the epipleural spot, wider yellow margins to pronotum, inter alia. From all three the unusually densely pilose underside is a good distinguishing character. The pronotum some- times. shows metallic reflections (greenish or violaceous). Types in Coll. Carter.
STIGMODERA FLINDERSI, nsp. (Text-fig. 6.)
Oblong ovate; head, prothorax, underside, appendages and elytral markings violet coppery, subnitid above, more brilliant beneath; elytra yellow, with the basal margins, suture (triangularly enlarged behind scutellum), wide pre-apical fascia (narrowed at sides) and the apex widely violet copper.
Head lightly coneave in middle, densely punctate. Prothorax bulbous, a little produced forward in middle, strongly bisinuate at base, sides widely rounded, widest at middle, front angles obtuse, the hind acute; disc densely and finely rugose-punctate, a smooth medial line showing on basal half and a fovea at middle of each lobe. Seutellum depressed, nitid, smooth. Elytra enlarged behind shoulders, lightly compressed before the middle, apices obliquely lunate; striate punctate, intervals flat im middle, convex at sides and apex; rather coarsely pune- tate, underside densely so and almost hairless. Dimensions: 8 x 3 (plus) mm.
Hab.—South Australia: Flinders Range. ‘
A single specimen in the Australian Museum bears a locality label in the handwriting of the late Mr. G. Masters, probably taken by him. It belongs to the small section of my tabulation that contaims S. skusei Blackb. and S. campes- tris Blaekb., but is quite. unlike any of these (Nos. 195-203). The ground colour is the unusual violet copper seen in 8. cupriflava Saund. and 8. cognata Kerr. and in the pronotum of S. aurifera (above). The name commemorates the famous navigator and indicates the habitat of the species. Type in Australian Museum.
STIGMODERA HOBLERAE, nsp. (Tiext-fig. 7.)
Oblong oval, rather flat; head and pronotum brilliant dark bronze, elytra yellow with the following markings blue-black: basal margin and seutellary re- gion, post-medial fascia enlarging towards and extending to the sides, connected along the suture with a shorter arcuate fascia situated half way between the former and the apex and extending over about half the width of elytra and the apical spines; underside and appendages blue-black, the former inconspicuously pilose.
Head deeply channelled and coneave, finely punctate. Prothorax moderately convex, truncate at apex, bisinuate at base, sides nearly straight and strongly narrowed from base to apex, front angles obtuse, hind aeute; dise with shallow punctures, fine near centre, coarser towards sides, and three large foveae near basal border, one at middle, the others near posterior angles. Hlytra slightly
BY H. J. CARTER. (al
widening behind shoulders, feebly compressed before the middle, apiees widely truneate, the truncation bounded by two conspicuous spines, the exterior the more prominent; striate-punetate, all intervals convex and impunctate; underside finely and densely punctate. Dimensions: 11-12 x 4-4.5 mm.
Hab.—S. Queensland: Jandowae (Mrs. Hobler and Mr. R. Illidge).
The four examples of this species, sumilar in form and pattern, were sent by the captors, and I have much pleasure in naming’ it after the enthusiastic lady naturalist who has collected so many interesting insects in that district. Belong- ing to the andersoni group, it differs from all described species in it by the darker elytral markings being entirely pre-apical (except the spines). The long and short fasciae, connected at suture, look very like an aeroplane or flying dove, as seen from above. The apical strueture is intermediate between that of S. andersoni C. and G. and S. mastersi Macl. (In the former the spines are subequal, in the latter the suture is rather produced than spinose). The blue- black colour varies’ with the light in which it is viewed, the blue only clearly displayed when viewed sideways. Type in Coll. Cart.
STIGMODERA MILITARIS, n.sp. (Text-fig. 8.)
Oblong-obovate; head, pronotum, ground colour of elytra, legs, tarsi and parts of underside blue, antennae bronze, sides of prothorax widely yellow or orange, elytra with yellow (or orange) markings as follows: an oblique vitta from the shoulder joining a fascia near the middle of each elytron and forming a loop round the shoulder continued backward on underside of margin, the median fascia interrupted at the suture and obliquely directed backwards towards, and continuous to, the sides, an areuate pre-apical fascia widening towards and turned upwards at the sides; the abdomen largely, the sternal regions, to a variable degree, yellow or orange. (The d example is almost entirely yellow beneath, in the 2 the pro-, meso-, and meta-sternum are chiefly blue, the abdominal segments have wide blue margins, the blue sometimes extending over the middle area of segments).
Head punctate, widely excavated between eyes. Prothorax: apex lightly bisinuate, base more strongly so, sides widely and evenly rounded, widest behind middle, posterior angles sub-rectangular, dise with round, close, large punetures,
Text-figs. 6-10. 6. Stigmodera flindersi, u.sp. 7. S. hoblerae, u.sp. 8. S. militaris, n.sp. 9. SS. tropica, n.sp. 10. S.ismansueta Kerr.
sub-confiuent at sides; medial channel distinet in @, indieated at base only in ¢. Scutellum violaceous, punctate. Elytra widest behind middle, apices separately rounded, striate-punctate, intervals uniformly convex in 9, lightly so (exeept at
72 AUSTRALIAN COLHOPTERA: NOTES AND NEW SPECIES. 1.
apex) in ¢ and distinctly and closely punctate; underside punctate and clothed with a fine, short, pale pubescence. Dimensions: 3. 11 x 4; 9. 15 x 6 mm.
Hab.—New South Wales: Mittagong (C. F. Deuquet); Victoria: Wonga Park, 25 miles East of Melbourne (Ernest French).
Two examples, the sexes, of this very pretty species are before me, of which the 3 type is in Coll. Deuquet, the 2 type belongs to the National Museum, Mel- bourne. It is most like S. flavo-signata Mael., the form, colour, pattern on apical half of elytra being almost identical; but Macleay’s insect has a very different pronotum, on which the blue and yellow form alternate horizontal markings; the basal half of elytra being also quite different. The ground colour has the rich blue of S. klugi C. and G., the pronotum showing violet reflections. I have called it militaris from the resemblance of the vitta and medial fascia to the Sam Brown belts worn by our military officers.
STIGMODERA TROPICA, n.sp. (Text-fig. 9.)
Oblong, glabrous; head, pronotum, underside, legs and antennae brillant green, the first two with brassy reflections; elytra violet with ten yellow spots as follows: two triangular near angle between base and suture, two oval near middle, one on each side of suture, two preapical forming a short eurved fascia, and two, very small, on each side, one behind the shoulder, the other even smaller, opposite the medial spot.
Head channelled and excavated between eyes, and together with the prono-